Spectroscopy and Chromatography Techniques
Vibrational Spectra (IR Spectra)
IR spectroscopy is concerned with the study of absorption of IR radiation (800nm- 1mm), which causes vibrational transition in the molecule. When a gaseous molecule absorbs IR radiation, it produces transition between the vibrational energy levels. The resultant spectrum is called vibrational spectra. The essential requirement for a molecule to produce an IR spectrum is that the dipole moment of the molecule must change during vibration. Thus, a vibrational spectrum
Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins: Essential Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are compounds composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). Their general formula is Cn(H2O)n. They are derived from polyalcohols, aldehydes (aldoses), and ketones (ketoses).
Classification
- Monosaccharides: Consist of one molecule, containing 3-7 carbon atoms. They are sweet, soluble, and crystallize (sugars).
- Disaccharides: Formed by the binding of two monosaccharide molecules.
- Oligosaccharides: Composed of several monosaccharide molecules (approximately 10-12).
- Polysaccharides:
Stoichiometry & Raoult’s Law: Principles and Applications
Determination of Stoichiometric Ratio in a Complex
The distribution method is a widely used technique to determine the stoichiometric ratio of a complex formed between a metal ion and a ligand. This method is based on the principle of partitioning a substance between two immiscible phases, usually an organic solvent and an aqueous solution.
Principle
When a metal ion forms a complex with a ligand, the distribution of the metal ion between the aqueous and organic phases changes. The stoichiometric ratio
Read MoreThe 18th Century: Scientific Revolution and the Birth of Modern Chemistry
The Age of Enlightenment
The eighteenth century, known as the Age of Enlightenment, saw a wave of new ideas sweeping across Europe. This intellectual movement promoted modernization and a rejection of the Old Regime. Monarchies, influenced by these new ideas, implemented financial and educational reforms. This system of government was characterized as enlightened despotism, aiming to maintain the status quo of class domination and the perpetuation of their economic privileges. Meanwhile, the bourgeoisie,
Read MoreSolubility, Polymorphism, HLB Scale, and More in Chemistry
Factors Affecting Gas Solubility in Liquids
Here are the factors that affect the solubility of a gas in a liquid:
Physical Factors
- Temperature: An increase in temperature generally decreases the solubility of a gas in a liquid.
- Pressure: An increase in pressure generally increases the solubility of a gas in a liquid.
- Surface Area: An increase in the surface area of the liquid can increase the solubility of the gas.
Chemical Factors
- Polarity of the Liquid: Polar liquids tend to dissolve polar gases more
Solubility, Polymorphism, and Phase Transitions in Chemistry
Factors Affecting Gas Solubility in Liquids
Physical Factors
- Temperature
- Pressure
Chemical Factors
- Polarity of the Liquid
- Chemical Reactivity
- Presence of Other Solutes
Thermodynamic Factors
- Henry’s Law Constant
- Entropy Change
- Enthalpy Change
Other Factors
- Salting Out Effect
- Complexation
- Surfactants
Raoult’s Law
Raoult’s Law states that the vapor pressure of a solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution.
Mathematical Expression of Raoult’s Law
Raoult’s Law can be mathematically
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