Understanding Motor Oil Types, Additives, and Their Functions
Oils & Additives
Types of Motor Oil
- Mineral Oil: Obtained from the distillation of crude oil through various refining processes.
- Semi-Synthetic Oil: A mixture of mineral and synthetic oils, typically composed of 70-80% mineral oil and 20-30% synthetic oil.
- Synthetic Oil: Created through chemical reactions, including esters and synthesized hydrocarbons, specifically polyalphaolefins.
Additives in Motor Oil
Additives constitute approximately 15-25% of motor oil and enhance its properties.
Additives that
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Keynesian Model
Real or Aggregate Demand (DA)
- y = c + z
- c = a + by
- z = go + g1i
- y = (a + go + g1i) / (1 – b) = y = f(i)
Money Supply (S. Moneta)
- Md = L(l, y)
- Ms = (1/p) * h(i)
- L(l, y) = (1/p) * h(i)
Production (S. Producc)
- y = F(N)
- Pman = W
- Yo = F(No)
- Ns = f(w)
External Sector Model (S. Exterior)
- Y = C + I + G + X – M
- y = Co + bY + Io + Go + Xo – Mo + My
- y(1 – b – m) = Co + Io + Go + Xo – Mo
- y = (Co + Io + Go + Xo – Mo) / (1 – b – m)
Chemical Reactions: Energy, Enthalpy, and Equilibrium
The Power of Chemical Reactions: Energy and Chemical Balance
6.1 Energy in Chemical Reactions
Chemical reactions are always accompanied by an exchange of energy. This can be either a release or absorption of energy because the energy that the reactants have is different from the energy that the products possess. A chemical reaction involves the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products. Breaking bonds requires energy, while the formation of bonds normally entails a
Read MoreSterile & Non-Sterile Compounding: Best Practices
Hand-Washing Procedure
- Remove all jewelry. Makeup, nail polish, and false nails should not be worn.
- Prior to opening a scrub/brush pocket, squeeze it several times to activate the soap. Remove the scrub, sponge brush, and nail pick, and discard the packaging.
- Press the foot pedals to begin the flow of water. When the water is warm, wet your hands and forearms.
- Do not set down the sponge. Use nail picks to clean under nails. Discard the picks when finished.
- Scrub under the nails of each fingernail and
Comprehensive List of Chemical Elements and Their Properties
| Atomic | Atomic Mass | Group | Period | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Actinium | Ac | 89 | [227] [1] | 7 | |
| Aluminum | Al | 13 | 26.981538 (2) | 13 | 3 |
| Americium | Am | 95 | [243] [1] | 7 | |
| Antimony | Sb | 51 | 121.760 (1) [2] | 15 | 5 |
| Argon | Ar | 18 | 39.948 (1) [2] [3] | 18 | 3 |
| Arsenic | As | 33 | 74.92160 (2) | 15 | 4 |
| Astatine | At | 85 | [210] [1] | 17 | 6 |
| Sulfur | S | 16 | 32.065 (5) [2] [3] | 16 | 3 |
| Barium | Ba | 56 | 137.327 (7) | 2 | 6 |
| Berkelium | Bk | 97 | [247] [1] | 7 | |
| Beryllium | Be | 4 | 9.012182 (3) | 2 | 2 |
| Bismuth | Bi | 83 | 208.98038 (2) | 15 | 6 |
| Bohrium | Bh | 107 | [264] [1] | 7 | 7 |
| Boron | B | 5 | 10.811 (7) [2] [4] [3] | 13 | 2 |
| Bromine | Br | 35 | 79.904 (1) | 17 | 4 |
| Cadmium | Cd | 48 | 112.411 (8) [2] | 12 | 5 |
| Calcium | Ca | 20 | 40.078 (4) [2] | 2 | 4 |
| Californium | Cf | 98 | [251] [1] | 7 | |
| Carbon | C | 6 | 12. |
EDTA, Chemical Formulas, and Boiler Cleaning Calculations
Conversions and Miscellaneous Formulas
- 1 Cubic foot = 7.48 gallons
- Cubic feet = Length x Width x Height
- PSI = Elevation x 0.433
- 1 PSI = 2.31 Feet
- 454 grams per pound
- Grams to Pounds: grams x 0.0022046
- Liters to Gallons: Liters x 0.26417
Nitrogen Displacement
Volume in gallons x 0.134 = SCF N2 needed to displace a vessel
EDTA
Molecular weight = 292
Dividing the molecular weight of EDTA acid by the atomic weight of the metal being complexed will result in obtaining the required amount of EDTA necessary to complex
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