Metallurgy and Pulp Production
Metallurgy
Mineral Concentration/Preparation
- Flotation: Enriches ore by removing worthless mineral species.
- Amalgamation: Creates an alloy of mercury with other metal(s).
- Magnetic Concentration: Uses electromagnets to attract magnetic minerals, separating them from non-magnetic materials.
Pretreatments
- Roasting: Converts sulfides into oxides by heating in air.
- Calcination: Converts carbonates or hydroxides into more easily reducible compounds.
Reduction
- Chemical Reduction: Employs a more electropositive
Understanding Atomic Orbitals and Element Properties
Atomic Structure and Electron Configuration
Quantum Numbers:
- n: Principal quantum number, describes the energy level (1 to 7).
- l: Angular momentum or azimuthal quantum number, describes the subshells (s, p, d, f) within an energy level.
- m: Magnetic quantum number, describes the orientation of orbitals in space (-1, 0, +1, etc.).
Principles of Electron Configuration:
Aufbau Principle (Building-Up Principle): Electrons first fill the orbitals with the lowest energy. Higher energy orbitals are occupied
Read MoreUnderstanding Density, Viscosity, and Organoleptic Testing
Absolute density is the ratio of the mass of a body to its volume. Relative density is the density of a substance (d2) with respect to the density of a reference substance (d1).
Factors Affecting Measurement Systems
The measurement system depends on different factors:
- The nature of the liquid
- The amount of liquid available
- The viscosity of the liquid
- The purpose for which density is determined
- The accuracy required in the measurement
Alcoholmeters
Alcoholmeters are used to determine the concentration of
Read MoreEffective Water Treatment Methods: Industrial and Domestic Uses
Water Treatment Methods: A Comprehensive Look
Reverse Osmosis: Purifying Water at Home
Reverse osmosis (RO) effectively removes approximately 95% of organic compounds and pesticides, 90% of dissolved salts, 70-80% of nitrates, and 55-65% of boron. This process involves forcing water through membranes that retain minerals and impurities, reducing salts, conductivity, sulfates, and nitrates, resulting in demineralized water.
Salt rejection membranes are susceptible to damage from microorganisms or chlorine.
Read MoreNomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry Compounds
Oxides: Compounds formed by the reaction of oxygen with any other element: X2On
- Systematic Nomenclature: prefix + name of element + oxide
- Stock Nomenclature: name of element + oxide + (valence of element in Roman numerals)
Examples:
- Sodium oxide: Na2O
- Trinickel dioxide: Ni2O3
- Lead monoxide: PbO
- Dichloro heptaoxide: Cl2O7
- Sulfur dioxide (sulfur (IV) oxide): S2O4 = SO2
- Chlorine (V) oxide: Cl2O5
- Diphosphorus pentaoxide: P2O5
- Calcium oxide: CaO = Ca2O2
Hydrides: Compounds of hydrogen with a metallic element or
Read MorePhotosynthesis, Food Webs, Stimuli, and Separation Methods
Photosynthesis
La fotosíntesi és un procés químic que converteix el diòxid de carboni en compostos orgànics, especialment utilitzant l’energia de la llum solar.[1] La fotosíntesi es produeix en les plantes.