Materials Science: Properties, Degradation, and Shaping Processes
Materials Science
Atomic Structure and Bonding
Atomic Number: Represents the number of protons in an element’s nucleus.
Alloy: A combination of two or more materials, often metals, designed to improve specific characteristics.
Polymer: Materials formed by combining organic molecules into long chains.
Interatomic Spacing: In solids, this refers to the apparent diameter of an atom.
Binding Energy: The energy needed to separate two atoms, reflecting the strength of their bond.
Avogadro’s Number: The number
Read MorePhysical & Chemical Properties of Matter: Atomic Structure Models
Physical Properties of Matter
A physical property is a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the substance’s composition. These properties are often revealed during physical processes like changes in state, temperature, or pressure.
Examples include color, hardness, density, boiling point, and melting point.
Physical properties are categorized as:
- Electrical
- Magnetic
- Optical
- Thermal
- Mechanical
Physical properties can be general or specific:
- General properties apply to various substances,
Understanding Matter: A Guide to Pure Substances, Mixtures, and Atomic Structure
Pure Substances and Mixtures
A pure substance is a type of matter with a defined and invariant composition and properties. Examples include table salt, gold, and oxygen.
A mixture consists of two or more substances, called components. Its composition is not defined, and its properties depend on the type and proportion of its components. Examples include seawater, air, and paint.
Types of Mixtures
Heterogeneous Mixtures
In a heterogeneous mixture, particles of different substances are visible with the
Read MoreStates of Matter: Exploring Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Behavior of Matter
What is a Model?
A model is a tool we use to represent something that is too big, too small, or too complex for us to handle directly.
Example of a Model
A globe is an example of a model.
Differences Between the 3 Phases of Matter
- Mobility of the particles
- Distance between particles
Relationship Between Heat, Kinetic Energy, and Change of State
By providing heat, the kinetic energy (or energy of motion) of molecules increases. The distance between the particles also increases, and finally,
Read MoreOrganic & Inorganic Compounds: Structures & Properties
Organic Compounds
Carbon and hydrogen atoms
Also contain other nonmetals
O, S, N, P
Found in gasoline, medicines, shampoos, plastics, perfumes
Covalent bonds
Low melting and boiling points
Flammable & undergo combustion
Not soluble in water
Inorganic Compounds
High melting and boiling points
Ionic: soluble in water/ do not burn in air
Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes
1:meth, 2:eth, 3:prop, 4:but, 5:pent, 6:hex, 7:hept, 8:oct, 9:non, 10:dec
Alkanes: single bond hydrocarbon
“ane” – methane
Saturated: maximum amount
Dalton’s Atomic Theory and the Structure of Matter
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Dalton’s hypothesis was based on the following premises:
- Elements are made of atoms, which are independent material particles, unchanging and indivisible.
- Atoms of the same element are equal in mass and other properties.
- Atoms of different elements have different masses and properties.
- Compounds are formed by the joining of atoms of the corresponding elements based on a ratio of simple integers.
Definitions from Dalton’s Atomic Theory
- An atom is the smallest particle of an element