Chemical Nomenclature: Formulas, Oxidation States & Naming
Chemical Nomenclature Fundamentals
Oxidation States and Acid Naming Conventions
The name of an oxyacid depends on the oxidation state of the central non-metal atom (X). Prefixes (hypo-, per-) and suffixes (-ous, -ic) are used as follows:
| Oxidation State | Prefix | Suffix | Example (Cl) | Formula (Cl) | Example (S) | Formula (S) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (+1, +2) | hypo- | -ous | Hypochlorous acid | HClO | N/A | N/A |
| Intermediate (+3, +4) | (none) | -ous | Chlorous acid | HClO2 | Sulfurous acid | H2SO3 |
| High (+5, +6) | (none) | -ic | Chloric acid | HClO3 | Sulfuric acid | H2SO4 |
| Highest (+7) | per- | -ic | Perchloric |
Genetics, Thermodynamics, and Chemical Reactions Explained
Genetics and Heredity
Genotype: The complete set of genes an individual inherits from their parents.
Phenotype: The observable characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
Alleles and Inheritance
Homozygous: An individual possessing two identical alleles for a specific trait.
Heterozygous: An individual possessing two different alleles for a specific trait.
Gene: A unit of heredity containing genetic information, located on chromosomes in a linear
Read MoreChemical Kinetics, Surface Phenomena, and Material Properties
Pseudo First Order Reactions
The order of a reaction is sometimes altered by conditions. Consider a chemical reaction between two substances when one reactant is present in large excess. For example, during the hydrolysis of 0.01 mol of ethyl acetate with 10 mol of water, the amounts of the various constituents at the beginning (t = 0) and completion (t) illustrate this phenomenon, known as a pseudo-first-order reaction.
Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions
Although the Arrhenius equation is applicable
Read MoreElectrolysis Fundamentals: Product Prediction and Applications
Electricity and Chemistry: Electrolysis Explained
Electrolysis is a method used to decompose chemical compounds using electricity. It involves two electrodes:
- Cathode: The negative electrode where reduction occurs. Generally, metals or hydrogen are formed here. (Remember: CATions are positive and go to the CAThode).
- Anode: The positive electrode where oxidation occurs. Typically, non-metals (except hydrogen) are formed here. (Remember: ANions are negative and go to the ANode).
Predicting Electrolysis
Read MoreChemical Formulas: Hydrides, Oxides, and Salts
Formulas:
Hydrazide: HF – hydrofluoric acid, fluoride; HCl – hydrochloric acid, chloride, etc.
Hydrides (Non-Metallic):
- NH3 – Ammonia
- PH3 – Phosphine
- AsH3 – Arsine
- SbH3 – Stibnite
- CH4 – Methane
- SiH4 – Silane
Hydrides (Metallic):
- FeH2 – Ferrous Hydride, Fe(II) Hydride
- AlH3 – Aluminum Trihydride, Al Hydride
Oxides (Metallic):
- Na2O – Sodium Oxide
- NiO – Nickel Monoxide, Ni(II) Oxide
Oxides (Non-Metallic): (CN to determine their oxidation numbers: Cl, Br, I -> 1, 3, 5, 7)
- ClO2 – Hypochlorous Anhydride, Cl(I) Oxide
- S2O2
Limestone, Metal Extraction & Uses: A Chemistry Exploration
Limestone and Its Uses
Limestone is made of calcium carbonate. Limestone is widely used in the building industry. The calcium carbonate in limestone breaks down when heated strongly to make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. The reaction is called thermal decomposition.
Reactions of Carbonates
Carbonates react with dilute acid to form a salt, water, and carbon dioxide. Limewater turns cloudy in the test for carbon dioxide gas. A precipitate of insoluble calcium carbonate causes the cloudiness. Metal
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