Chemical Bonding, Polarity, Reactions and Intermolecular Forces

Posted by on Feb 21, 2026 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Endothermic Reactions

An endothermic reaction absorbs energy.

  • Heat (kJ) is written on the reactant side.
  • Bonds are broken; no new bonds are formed.
  • On Table I, the heat of reaction is positive (+).
  • The surroundings feel colder because energy is absorbed.

Exothermic Reactions

An exothermic reaction releases energy.

  • Heat (kJ) is written on the product side.
  • Bonds are formed.
  • On Table I, the heat of reaction is negative (−).
  • The surroundings feel warmer because energy is released.

Electronegativity

  • Electronegativity
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Volumetric and Salt Analysis Techniques for Chemistry

Posted by on Feb 18, 2026 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Volumetric Analysis (Titration)

Experiment: KMnO4 vs Mohr’s salt (Ferrous ammonium sulfate)

Indicator: Self-indicator (KMnO4)

End point: Colourless → Permanent light pink

Ionic equations:

  • Reduction: MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O
  • Oxidation: Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e–

Rapid Viva Questions

  1. Why add dilute H2SO4?
    • Provides an acidic medium and prevents KMnO4 from getting reduced to MnO2 (brown precipitate).
  2. Why not HCl?
    • HCl reduces KMnO4, producing Cl2 gas.
  3. Why not HNO3?
    • Strong oxidizer; interferes with the reaction.
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Kerala SSLC Chemistry Sure Questions & Revision Notes

Posted by on Feb 18, 2026 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Kerala SSLC Chemistry Sure Questions (Model Papers)

To help you prepare effectively for the Kerala SSLC Chemistry exam, I have analyzed the official SCERT Model Question Papers (Sets A, B, and C). Below are the “Sure Questions” that appear frequently across all sets, followed by Microbit-style short notes designed for quick revision.

Part 1: SSLC Chemistry “Sure Questions” (Based on Model Papers)

Based on the patterns in the provided documents, these topics are guaranteed to carry high weightage:

  • Subshell
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Nuclear Power Generation: Technology and Future Outlook

Posted by on Feb 18, 2026 in Chemistry | 0 comments

How Nuclear Power Plants Generate Electricity

Nuclear power plants are facilities designed to generate electricity using the energy released in nuclear fission reactions. Their operation is based on the use of fissile materials such as uranium-235, plutonium-239, or in some cases special mixtures for advanced reactors. When a uranium nucleus is struck by a neutron, it splits into two lighter fragments and releases a large amount of energy in the form of heat, while also emitting neutrons that can

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Organic Functional Groups: Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Carbonyls

Posted by on Feb 17, 2026 in Chemistry | 0 comments

FGI: Functional Group Interconversions

Alkyl Halides

Alkyl halides (haloalkanes)

  • Alkyl halide or haloalkanes.
  • Compounds with a halogen atom bonded to a saturated sp3-hybridized carbon atom.
  • Halogen atomic radius increases down the periodic table.
  • Lengths of corresponding carbon–halogen bonds increase accordingly, while C–X bond strengths decrease going down the periodic table.
  • The carbon–halogen bond of alkyl halides is polarized: the carbon atom bears a slight positive charge (δ+), and the halogen
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Pharmaceutical Synthesis Methods and Salt Formation

Posted by on Feb 14, 2026 in Chemistry | 0 comments

Diphenhydramine HCl Synthesis

Common synthesis route

  1. Starting materials: benzhydrol and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.
  2. Reaction: benzhydrol is reacted with 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol in the presence of an acid catalyst (such as HCl or sulfuric acid) to form diphenhydramine base.
  3. Formation of HCl salt: the diphenhydramine base is converted to its HCl salt for stability and solubility.

Process

  • Step 1: React benzhydrol with 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol under acidic conditions.
  • Step 2: Form the HCl salt by treating the
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