Fundamental Concepts of Thermodynamics and Energy Changes
What is Thermodynamics?
Thermodynamics is the part of physics that studies the heat and work exchanges accompanying physicochemical processes. When these processes are chemical reactions, the specific branch studying them is called thermochemistry. The energy exchanged in a chemical reaction can manifest as heat, light, electrical energy, etc.
Thermodynamic Systems
System, Environment, and Universe
A thermodynamic system is the specific part of the universe isolated for study of its physicochemical
Read MorePhysical Chemistry Concepts: Definitions and Applications
Nernst Distribution Law
The Nernst Distribution Law describes the equilibrium distribution of a solute between two immiscible liquid phases. It states that at a constant temperature, the ratio of the concentrations of the solute in the two liquids is constant, provided the solute has the same molecular form in both phases.
Limitations include deviations due to solute association or dissociation in one phase, and non-ideal behavior at higher concentrations. Modifications often involve using activities
Read MoreUnderstanding Atomic Theory: Dalton to Nuclear Fusion
Understanding Atomic Theory
· Dalton’s Atomic Theory: Matter is composed of indivisible and indestructible particles called atoms. Each chemical element consists of identical atoms, distinct from those of other elements. Chemical compounds form through the union of atoms from different elements in fixed ratios.
· Chemical Element: A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances, consisting of only one type of atom (refer to the Periodic Table).
· Compound: A substance that can be
Read MoreFire Extinguisher Types and Their Limitations
1. Limitations of Foam Extinguishers
- In electrical fires, water content poses a risk to personnel due to conductivity, especially in manual applications. Automatic systems are more effective than water alone.
- Incompatibility between some foams and powder extinguishers can cause foam breakdown when applied simultaneously, particularly with obstacles on the burning liquid’s surface.
- Not suitable for pressurized gas fires (butane, propane, etc.) due to high evaporation and swelling.
- Reacts with highly
Essential Vocabulary: Definitions and Synonyms
Vocabulary Definitions and Equivalents
- Golden Age
- Period of great cultural flourishing.
- Anything but
- Definitely not.
- Discovery
- Act of finding.
- To sustain
- To support.
- To lay the foundation for
- Set the conditions for something.
- Daily
- Every day.
- Soap
- A substance used for washing.
- To stretch
- Spread out, expand.
- Border
- Frontier line.
- At the height of
- At the most advanced or intense point.
- Massive
- Huge.
- To fuel
- Give energy to; encourage.
- Growth
- Increase in size.
- From far and wide
- From everywhere; from many different places.
- Trade
- Exchange
Confined Spaces: Hazards, Risks, and Safety Measures
Confined Spaces: Definition and Examples
A confined space is any space with limited openings for entry and exit, where an employee can fully enter. These spaces often have unfavorable natural ventilation, allowing pollutants to accumulate, creating toxic, flammable, or oxygen-deficient atmospheres. Confined spaces are not designed for continuous human occupancy.
NIOSH Definition of Confined Space
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) defines a confined space as any space
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