Periodic Table Groups and Chemical Bonding Fundamentals
Periodic Table Groups and Electron Configuration
Main Groups of the Periodic Table
The elements are categorized into groups based on their chemical properties:
- Group 1: Alkali Metals (Tend to increase density and decrease the melting and boiling points down the group.)
- Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals
- Group 13: Boron Group (Boroideos)
- Group 14: Carbon Group (Carbonoideos)
- Group 15: Nitrogen Group (Nitrogenoideos)
- Group 16: Chalcogens
- Group 17: Halogens (Density, boiling points, and melting points increase
Technical Essentials: Water Types, Purification, and Energy Measurement
Common Types of Water
Water is categorized based on its source and treatment method:
- Tap Water: Typically treated for safety and potability by local municipalities.
- Mineral Water: Naturally sourced and contains minerals like calcium and magnesium.
- Spring Water: Comes from underground sources and may be untreated.
- Distilled Water: Purified through distillation, removing contaminants.
- Purified Water: Treated to remove impurities and often used in laboratories.
- Sparkling Water: Carbonated water with added
Core Science Concepts: Physics, Biology, Chemistry Review
Physics Concepts and Kinematics
Fundamental Physics Concepts
- Force: A push or pull that changes the motion of an object.
- Unit: Newton (N).
- Example: Pushing a shopping cart.
- Velocity: Speed in a given direction.
- Formula: v = d/t.
- Example: 20 m/s east.
- Speed vs. Velocity:
- Speed: How fast (scalar quantity, no direction).
- Velocity: Speed with direction (vector quantity).
- Example: Speed = 60 km/h, Velocity = 60 km/h north.
- Displacement: The straight-line distance and direction from start to finish.
- Example: Walk
Fundamental Scientific Techniques for Laboratory Success
Microscope Components and Functions
To effectively use a microscope, it’s essential to know its various parts and their roles:
- Eyepiece Lens: The lens at the top that you look through. They are usually 10X or 15X power.
- Tube: Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses.
- Arm: Supports the tube and connects it to the base.
- Base: The bottom of the microscope, used for support.
- Illuminator: A steady light source used in place of a mirror. If your microscope has a mirror, it reflects light from an external
Essential Biology Laboratory Investigations
Cell Observation with a Microscope
Experiment Aim
To observe, draw, and label cells using a microscope, such as onion epidermal cells or cheek cells.
Required Equipment
- Light Microscope
- Glass Slide
- Cover Slip
- Specimen (Onion or Cheek cells)
- Iodine Solution
- Pipette
- Tweezers
- Paper Towel
Experimental Procedure
- Peel a thin layer of onion skin and place it on a clean slide.
- Add a few drops of iodine stain (to make the structures visible).
- Carefully place a cover slip on top, avoiding air bubbles.
- Place the slide on
Matter, Atoms, and Biomolecules: Foundations of Biology
Fundamentals of Matter and Atoms
Matter
Matter is defined as the amount of mass that occupies a space.
The Atom and Its Subatomic Particles
An atom is considered the indivisible part of matter and is composed of three primary subatomic particles:
- Protons (H+): Subatomic particles with a positive charge.
- Neutrons (n): Subatomic particles with a neutral charge.
- Electrons (e-): Subatomic particles with a negative charge.
Isotopes and Atomic Properties
An isotope is an atom that contains a greater number of
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