Steel Production and Ferrous Metals: Processes and Types

Blast Furnace Operation

  1. The raw material, consisting of iron ore (60%), coking coal (30%), and flux (10%), is introduced into the blast furnace.
  2. The furnace operates continuously.
  3. As the load descends from the top, its temperature increases until it reaches the bosh. Here, the temperature reaches 1650°C, and liquid iron is deposited in the crucible.
  4. The flux reacts with the ore to form slag, which floats on the molten iron. Slag is removed through a hole called the slag runner. This slag is used to
Read More

Iron and Calcium: Properties, Reactions, and Effects

The Iron Cation

Pure iron is a silvery-white, tenacious, and ductile metal. Commercial iron is rarely pure and often contains small amounts of carbides, silicides, phosphides, and sulfides of iron, and a bit of graphite. Iron dissolves in diluted hydrochloric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid, diluted with hydrogen evolution, and the formation of ferrous salt. With hot, concentrated sulfuric acid, it produces sulfur dioxide and ferric sulfate. Under experimental conditions with concentrated nitric

Read More

Chemical Elements, Bonds, and Structures: A Comprehensive Study

Chemical Elements and the Periodic System

Chemical elements are pure substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances. There are about a hundred chemical elements. Of these elements, an impressive variety of compounds is created, such as minerals, biochemical substances that produce chemical products, and technology. All known compounds are composed of atoms of elements combined together. To understand how to combine elements, it is essential to know their properties.

The Periodic System

The

Read More

Metal Extraction and Processing: From Ore to Finished Product

Metal Extraction and Processing

10. Factors Determining Profitable Ore Extraction

Profitability in ore extraction depends on several key factors:

  • Location: Depth, land consistency, ease of transport, etc.
  • Extraction Method: Quarrying, mining, etc.
  • Gangue and Ore Quality: A minimum concentration of 40-50% is often required, with low sulfur content.
  • Socioeconomic Factors: Current supply and demand.

Role of Limestone and Coke in Cast Iron Production

Coke, produced by coal combustion, provides the heat for

Read More

Understanding Lewis Structures, Resonance, and Hybridization

Lewis Structures of Bonding Electrons

Lewis Structures represent bonding electrons, non-bonding electrons (lone pairs), and the dipole moment. The dipole moment is the product of the electric charge and the length of the bond. Elements with higher electronegativity attract electrons more strongly.

Writing Lewis Structures

  1. Write the basic structure of the compound, joining the atoms together. The less electronegative atom tends to go in the center.
  2. Count the total number of valence electrons present.
Read More

Barometers, Natural Gas, and LPG: Properties and Uses

What is a Barometer, How Does it Work, and What is its Origin?

The barometer, invented by Evangelista Torricelli, measures the force per unit area exerted by the weight of the atmosphere, known as atmospheric pressure. Torricelli’s barometer used a mercury-filled tube approximately 76 inches high, balanced by atmospheric pressure. His studies indicated that air exerts a pressure of 1,033 grams per square centimeter (1.033 g/cm2).

What are the Differences Between Mercury and Aneroid Barometers?

A mercury

Read More