Construction Materials: Types, Properties, and Uses
Ceramics
NSF rocks are composed of significant-sized mineral particles and indeterminate forms. They are used for building stone.
Igneous Rocks
These include:
- Granite: Composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica. Used in the form of crushed gravel for making concrete.
- Gabbro and Diorite: Used as an ornamental stone and for laying road surfaces.
- Basalt: Slightly resistant to atmospheric effects.
- Liparita and Pumice: Very porous rocks, used for the preparation of lightweight aggregates.
Sedimentary Rocks
- Siliceous
FEM Concepts: Material Nonlinearity, Approximation, and Elements
1. Give the example of material nonlinearity. Material nonlinearity involves the nonlinear behaviour of a material based on a current deformation, deformation history, rate of deformation, temperature, pressure, and so on. Examples of nonlinear material models are large strain (visco) elasto-plasticity and hyperelasticity (rubber and plastic materials).
Approximation Sources in FEM
2. Give two examples of approximation sources in FEM
Shape Functions: Shape functions are used to approximate the variations
Read MoreReinforced Concrete: Properties and Uses
Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced concrete is a composite material formed by combining cement, water, fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel), and air. Admixtures, also known as additives, can be included to modify the properties of the fresh or hardened concrete. The concrete mixture is placed in formwork and then cured to facilitate the hydration reaction, a chemical process that produces a hard, rock-like material.
Aggregates
- Fine Aggregates: Typically natural or manufactured
Corrosion and Concrete: Causes, Prevention, and Repair
Chloride-Induced Corrosion in Concrete
Q1. A) Explain chloride-induced corrosion.
When chlorides are present, water carrying chloride ions is deposited on the concrete surface. This allows the chloride ions to permeate the concrete cover through a combination of capillary action, evaporation, deposition, and diffusion. When chloride ions reach the steel surface, they combine with hydrogen ions in the pore water, creating acids. In sufficient concentrations, these acids neutralize the alkalinity of
Read MoreFoundation and Retaining Wall Construction Processes
Sequence of Processes for Constructing Foundations and Retaining Walls
The foundations of a building are the parts that are in contact with the soil, which transmit the loads. The strength of a building depends upon its foundations, as they fulfill the conditions necessary for the proper transmission of loads to the ground on which they settle.
Seating Area
Terra is called total or differential, according to whether the entire land settles or only one or more points of it.
Classification of Land
- Rocks:
Types and Uses of Construction Materials: Ceramics to Cement
Ceramics
Ceramics apply to household objects made from various types of clays. They have great resistance to compression but are weak against tensile forces.
Igneous Rocks
- Composed of silicates and other compounds
- Formed by the cooling of magma inside the Earth
Igneous Rock-Crystal Structures
The most popular are:
- Granite: A composite of quartz, feldspar, and mica
- Gravel: Crushed to produce smaller pieces
- Gabbro and Diorite: Used for laying road surfaces
Igneous-Glass Structure
- Basalt
- Pyrite and Pumice: Used