Database Integrity Constraints and Relational Algebra Operations

Posted by admin on Jan 31, 2025 in Commercialization and Logistics | 0 comments

What are Integrity Constraints?

Integrity constraints are predefined rules used to maintain data quality. They ensure that data insertion, updates, and deletions are performed without affecting data integrity. These constraints act as guidelines, ensuring data accuracy and consistency, thus protecting databases.

Types of Integrity Constraints:

• Domain Constraints
• Not-Null Constraints
• Entity Integrity Constraints
• Key Constraints
• Primary Key Constraints
• Referential Integrity Constraints

Importance of Referential

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Database Management Systems: Keys, Entities, and Normalization

Posted by admin on Jan 19, 2025 in Commercialization and Logistics | 0 comments

Types of Keys in SQL

In SQL, a key is used to identify a record in a database table. There are several types of keys:

• Primary Key: Uniquely identifies each record in a table. Each table can have only one primary key.
• Foreign Key: A column or a set of columns in one table that refers to the primary key of another table. It is used to establish relationships between tables.
• Candidate Key: A set of attributes that could uniquely identify a record in a table. A table can have multiple candidate keys.
• Alternate

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Relational Database Concepts and SQL Fundamentals

Posted by admin on Jan 12, 2025 in Commercialization and Logistics | 0 comments

Normalization

Normalization is a database design technique used to organize the structure of relational databases. The goal is to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity by dividing large tables into smaller ones and defining relationships between them. The process involves several normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, etc.), each with its own set of rules:

• 1NF (First Normal Form): Ensures that each column contains atomic values (no repeating groups).
• 2NF (Second Normal Form): Ensures that the

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