Artificial Intelligence Search Algorithms and Agent Fundamentals

Posted by on Oct 26, 2025 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

AI Agents and Architecture

Agents perceive their environment using sensors and act rationally upon that environment using effectors.

Agent Architecture

Agent → Actions (with effectors) → Environment → Percepts → Agent

Key Agent Features

  • Situatness: The agent’s direct connection to its environment through percepts and effectors.
  • Autonomy: The agent acts without intervention by humans or other agents. (Preprogramming does not count.)
  • Adaptivity: The ability to react flexibly to changes in its environment.
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Wireless Communication Protocols and Mobile Network Architecture

Posted by on Oct 24, 2025 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Fundamentals

WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) is a set of protocols designed for wireless devices (like mobile phones and PDAs) to access internet services. It uses a client-server model, with the mobile device acting as the client and a WAP gateway/web server as the server. WAP optimizes content for low bandwidth, small screens, and limited processing power.

WAP Protocol Stack Layers

The WAP model is structured into several distinct layers:

  • Application Layer:
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Digital Modulation Techniques in Python: Pulse Shaping and QPSK

Posted by on Oct 19, 2025 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

import numpy as np

T = 1 #time period

Fs = 100 #sampling frequency

t = np.
arange(-3*T, 3*T, 1/Fs)

g = lambda t: np.Sinc(t) * np.Cos(np.Pi*0.5*t) / (1-(2*0.5*t)**2) #Defining a lambda function g(t) that represents a raised cosine filter with a roll-off factor of 0.5.

plt.
Figure(figsize=(8,3))

plt.Plot(t, g(t))

binary_sequence = np.Array(np.Random.Randint(2,size=50))

d = 2 * np.Array(binary_sequence) – 1 #making the binary sequence NRZ

def get_signal(d): #to get transmitted signal

    t = np.Arange(-2*T,

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Implementing Core Machine Learning Algorithms in Python

Posted by on Oct 17, 2025 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

1. Perceptron Algorithm Implementation

The Perceptron is a foundational linear classification algorithm. This implementation uses NumPy for efficient vector operations.

Perceptron Class Definition

import numpy as np, random

class Perceptron:
    def __init__(self, eta=0.01, n_iter=50, random_state=1):
        self.eta, self.n_iter, self.random_state = eta, n_iter, random_state

    def fit(self, x, y):
        rgen = np.random.RandomState(self.random_state)
        self.w_ = rgen.normal(0, 0.01, 1
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Key Techniques in Web Scraping and Text Processing

Posted by on Oct 14, 2025 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

Web Scraping and Data Extraction

Core Web Technologies

A web page is built using several core technologies:

  • HTML (HyperText Markup Language): Defines the content and structure of a web page. It is composed of tags organized in a tree-like structure.
  • CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): Controls the design and presentation of a web page.
  • JavaScript: Enables interactive actions and dynamic content on a web page.

Scraping Methods

Static Web Page Scraping

For static pages, you can use libraries like Beautiful Soup

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Java Array Fundamentals: Syntax, Indexing, and Code Examples

Posted by on Oct 11, 2025 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

Java Array Fundamentals: Core Concepts and Syntax

Array Properties and Declaration

Fixed Size Property

Once an array is created, its size is fixed.

Valid Array Declarations (int values)

Which of the following are correct ways to declare an array of int values?

  • int[] a;
  • int a[];

Valid Array Declarations (Mixed Types)

Which of the following statements are valid?

  • double d[] = new double[30];
  • int[] i = {3, 4, 3, 2};

Incorrect Array Declarations and Initializations

Which of the following declarations or initializations

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