Fundamental C Algorithms: Search, Sort, Recursion, and Optimization
Fundamental C Algorithms: Search, Sort, and Optimization
This document presents implementations of several core algorithms in C, including searching, sorting, recursion, and optimization techniques like the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) and the Fractional Knapsack problem.
1. Linear Search Algorithm
Linear search is a straightforward method for finding an element within a list. It sequentially checks each element until a match is found or the entire list has been traversed.
C Code for Linear Search
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Understanding Recurrent Neural Networks and Their Applications
🧠 Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)
A neural network for sequential data (time series, speech, text).
It has memory of past inputs to affect current output.
Simple: “RNN past data yaad rakh kar next output predict karta hai.”
x1 → x2 → x3 → ...
↓ ↓ ↓
h1 → h2 → h3 →
...
↓ ↓ ↓
y1 y2 y3
Stepwise:
1️⃣ Input – Sequential data (text/audio)
2️⃣ Hidden Layer – Current input + previous hidden state
Eq: hₜ = f(Wxₜ + Uhₜ₋₁ + b)
3️⃣
Cloud Computing and Virtualization Fundamentals
Virtualization: Core Concepts and Benefits
Defining Virtualization
Virtualization is the creation of a virtual rather than actual version of something, such as hardware, an operating system, a storage device, or a network device. This process includes splitting a single physical computer into multiple virtual computers (Virtual Machines), each with its own software-based resources: CPU, RAM, hard disk, and Network Interface Card (NIC).
Virtual Machine (VM) Key Features
- Isolation: The VM’s operating
Compiler Design Fundamentals: Phases, Parsing, and Optimization Techniques
Phases of a Compiler Design Process
A compiler converts source code into machine code. The main phases are:
- Lexical Analysis: Breaks code into tokens and removes spaces/comments.
- Syntax Analysis: Checks the grammar structure of tokens.
- Semantic Analysis: Checks meaning, types, and logical correctness.
- Intermediate Code Generation: Creates machine-independent middle code.
- Optimization: Improves code efficiency.
- Code Generation: Converts intermediate code into machine code.
- Symbol Table & Error Handling:
Machine Learning Fundamentals: Core Algorithms and Techniques
Rule-Based Classification Technique
Rule-based classification is a data mining method where IF–THEN rules are used to classify data into different categories. Each rule has two parts:
- IF (condition): tests certain attribute values
- THEN (conclusion): assigns a class label
Example:
IF age > 18 AND income = high THEN class = “Premium Customer”.
Key Points of Rule-Based Classification
- Simple and Interpretable: Rules are easy to understand because they are written in natural language.
- Classification
Key NP-Complete Problem Reductions: SAT, Clique & More
CircuitSAT to SAT Reduction
Problem Checks
The Boolean Satisfiability Problem (SAT) is in NP because a given Boolean assignment serves as a polynomial-size certificate, which can be verified by evaluating the formula in polynomial time.
Reduction Construction
Given a circuit composed exclusively of NAND gates, the reduction proceeds as follows:
- Create a Boolean variable for each circuit input and for the output of each gate.
- For each gate represented as
z = NAND(a,b), add Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF)