Natural Language Processing (NLP): Definitions, Applications & Techniques
NLP — Definition & Applications
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that enables computers to understand, analyze, and generate human language (text or speech). NLP serves as a bridge between human language and computer language.
Applications of NLP (Explain Any Four)
1. Machine Translation
Machine translation automatically converts text from one language to another using NLP techniques.
Example: Google Translate
Use: Helps people communicate across languages.
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Read MorePGP Compression, Steganography & Network Security Tools
PGP Compression (Ultra-Compact Answer)
PGP performs compression before encryption to reduce message size and improve security. Compression removes redundancy so encrypted output becomes smaller, faster to transmit, and harder to analyze because repeated patterns disappear. The most commonly used algorithm is ZIP (LZ77-based) inside PGP. The process is: Message → Compression → Encryption → Transmission → Decryption → Decompression. Compression helps hide patterns in plaintext, making cryptanalysis
Read MoreJava Stack Implementation Using Arrays
This implementation demonstrates how to create a Stack data structure using an array in Java. A stack follows the Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) principle.
The Stack Class
class Stack {
private int top; // Represents the index position of the topmost element in the stack
private int maxSize; // Represents the maximum number of elements that can be stored in the stack
private int[] arr;
Stack(int maxSize) {
this.top = -1; // Top is -1 when the stack is created
this.maxSize = maxSize;
C++ Minimum Array Jumps and Oscillating Subsequence
C++ Minimum Array Jumps and Oscillating Subsequence
Code samples: two C++ routines: one to compute the minimum number of jumps to reach the end of an array, and another to compute the longest oscillating indexed subsequence using a segment tree and coordinate compression.
Minimum Array Jumps (C++)
The following function returns the minimum number of jumps required to reach the last index of an array where each element denotes the maximum jump length from that position. It returns -1 if the end is not
Read MorePeer-to-Peer Search and Information Retrieval Systems
1. Peer-to-Peer Search
Answer: Introduction
Peer-to-peer (P2P) search is an information retrieval approach in which documents and data are distributed across multiple peer nodes, and search operations are performed without a centralized server. Each peer acts as both a client and a server.
Concept of Peer-to-Peer Search
In a P2P system, data is stored locally on individual peers. When a user submits a query, it is forwarded to other peers in the network. Each peer searches its local data and returns