Essential Algorithms: Complexity, Divide and Conquer, and KMP
1. Space Complexity
The space complexity of an algorithm is the amount of memory it needs to run to completion. The space required by a program includes the following components:
- Instruction space: The space needed to store the compiled version of the program instructions.
- Data space: The space needed to store all constant and variable values. This includes:
- Space needed by constants and simple variables.
- Space needed by dynamically allocated objects such as arrays and class instances.
- Environment stack
Information Retrieval Systems: Core Concepts and Models
Information Retrieval Systems: Definition, Goals, and Applications
1. Definition
Information Retrieval (IR) is the process of finding relevant information (documents) from a large collection based on a user’s query. It deals with searching, storing, and retrieving unstructured data, such as text documents.
2. Goals of IR
- Retrieve relevant documents: Only useful results should be shown to the user.
- Reduce irrelevant results: Avoid unnecessary or wrong information.
- Fast retrieval: Results should be returned
REST and SOAP API Development Essentials
API Documentation and Swagger
How is API documentation generated using Swagger and OpenAPI?
✅ By annotating the code with Swagger annotations.
What is one of the main advantages of using Swagger for API documentation?
✅ It automatically generates interactive documentation.
How does implementing clear annotations in code enhance code readability?
✅ By providing descriptive comments and clarifications.
HTTP Status Codes and Methods
Which HTTP status code is typically used to indicate that a resource
Read MoreArtificial Intelligence Reasoning: Knowledge-Based Agents
1. Knowledge-Based Agents: Vacuum Cleaners
Two vacuum-cleaner agents operate in the same room:
- Agent 1: Follows fixed rules: “If dirt detected, then suck; if bump, then turn right.”
- Agent 2: Builds an internal map of where dirt and obstacles might be, updates it as it moves, and decides its next action.
Question: Explain why Agent 2 is considered a knowledge-based agent and how this capability changes the intelligence of its behavior compared to Agent 1.
Answer: Agent 2 maintains an internal knowledge
Read MoreDatabase Management Systems: Exam Questions and Solutions
Database Exam Solutions
2025 Q&A
(a) Q: A minimum cardinality of 0 specifies ______ type of participation.
Ans: Partial participation
(b)
Q: Let E1 and E2 be two entity sets with relationships R1 (1:M) and R2 (no attributes). What is the minimum number of tables required?
Ans: 2 tables
(c)
Q: Stud has 120 tuples and Enroll has 8 tuples. What are max and min tuples in Stud NATURAL JOIN Enroll?
Ans:
- Maximum = 8
- Minimum = 0
(d)
Q: Which normal form is considered adequate for normal relational database design?
Read MoreNLP with Python: Morphological Analysis and N-Grams
NLP Tasks with NLTK
Aim
Write a Python program to:
- Perform morphological analysis using the NLTK library.
- Generate n-grams using the NLTK n-grams library.
- Implement n-gram smoothing.
Description
- Morphological Analysis: This involves analyzing word structures to understand meaning and grammatical properties. NLTK provides tools like stemming and lemmatization for this purpose.
- N-Grams Generation: N-grams are contiguous sequences of n items from a text. NLTK provides functions to generate these from tokenized