Networking Essentials: LAN, WAN, and Data Transmission

Posted by on Apr 5, 2025 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

Networking Fundamentals

LAN vs. WAN

LAN (Local Area Network): Local networking, typically found in homes, businesses, or schools, and geographically limited. It is owned by an independent organization.

WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers a large geographical area and is typically used by service providers.

Network Infrastructure

Hardware: Routers, switches, NICs (Network Interface Cards)

Software: Network operating/management systems, operating systems, firewalls, network security applications

Services: T-

Read More

Java Concepts: Practice Questions and Examples

Posted by on Apr 4, 2025 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

Java Concepts: Practice Questions

  • Primitive data type variables cannot be used to invoke methods.
  • Import statements are not needed if one class in a package uses another in the same package.
  • Classes declared as final cannot be subclassed.
  • Methods in an abstract class do not have to be abstract.
  • Static/private methods cannot be overridden.

Data Type Conversion

  • String to int: int result = Integer.parseInt(string);

Threads

Create and start a thread that checks if an integer is even (divisible by 2):

  • new Thread(
Read More

Pathfinding Algorithms: BFS, DFS, A*, and Uniform Cost

Posted by on Apr 4, 2025 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

Breadth-First Search (BFS) and Depth-First Search (DFS)

from collections import deque
def bfs(maze, start, end):
  rows = len(maze)
  cols = len(maze[0])
  directions = [(0, 1), (1, 0), (0, -1), (-1, 0)]
  queue = deque([(start, [start])])
  visited = set()
  visited.add(start)
  node_visited = 0
  while queue:
    current, path = queue.popleft()
    node_visited += 1
    if current == end:
      return path, node_visited
    for r, c in directions:
      x = current[0] + r
      y = current[
Read More

C Language Stack Implementation and Applications

Posted by on Apr 4, 2025 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

C Code: Checking Parentheses Correctness

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#define N 20

typedef struct stack {
    int a[N];
    int top;
} stack;

void push(stack *s, int x) {
    s->top++;
    s->a[s->top] = x;
}

int pop(stack *s) {
    int x;
    x = s->a[s->top];
    s->top--;
    return x;
}

int isOpenBracket(int x) {
    if (x == '{' || x == '[' || x == '(') {
        return 1;
    } else {
        return 0;
    }
}

int isCloseBracket(int x) {
    if
Read More

IoT Network Architectures: Protocols and Communication

Posted by on Apr 3, 2025 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

Request-Response Communication in Detail

Request-response communication is a fundamental interaction model in networked systems where a client sends a request to a server, and the server processes the request and sends back a response. This model is widely used in IoT, web services, APIs, and distributed computing.

How Request-Response Communication Works

Client Sends a Request

The client (such as a device, application, or user) sends a request to the server.

The request contains specific information

Read More

Circuit Switching, Virtual Circuits, and Multiplexing Techniques

Posted by on Apr 1, 2025 in Computer Engineering | 0 comments

A circuit-switched network is made of a set of switches connected by physical links, in which each link is divided into n channels. Figure 8.3 illustrates a trivial circuit-switched network. In circuit switching, resources need to be reserved during the setup phase; the resources remain dedicated for the entire duration of data transfer until the teardown phase. 

Z

Virtual-Circuit Networks

A virtual-circuit network is a cross between a circuit-switched network and a datagram network, exhibiting characteristics

Read More