Computer Networking Fundamentals: Models, Protocols, Topologies
Computer Network Definition & OSI Model Openness
A computer network is a group of two or more interconnected computers that can communicate and share resources such as files, printers, applications, or internet access. The main goal of a network is to enable data sharing and communication between devices.
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is called “open” because it was developed as a universal, standardized framework that is not tied to any specific vendor, product, or technology.
Read MorePython Data Essentials: Pandas, NumPy, and String Methods
Introduction to Pandas
Pandas is a powerful and flexible Python library used for data manipulation, analysis, and cleaning. It is suitable for handling different kinds of data, such as:
- Tabular data with heterogeneous columns (different types of data in a single dataset).
- Ordered & unordered time-series data (data arranged based on time or random order).
- Arbitrary matrix data with row & column labels.
- Unlabeled data, making it useful for raw statistical data processing.
Essential Pandas Operations
Pandas
Read MoreEssential Networking Concepts and Technologies
Ethernet Frame Format
The Ethernet frame consists of the following fields:
- Preamble: (7 bytes) Synchronization pattern.
- Start Frame Delimiter (SFD): (1 byte) Marks the start of the frame.
- Destination Address: (6 bytes) MAC address of the recipient.
- Source Address: (6 bytes) MAC address of the sender.
- Protocol ID (TPID) / Length: (2 bytes) Indicates the type of protocol or the length of the data field.
- Tag Control Information (TCI): (4 bytes, for VLAN-tagged frames) Includes:
- Priority: (3 bits) User Priority
Essential Data Structures & Algorithms Concepts
Abstract Data Types (ADT) and Arrays
An Abstract Data Type (ADT) is a conceptual model that defines a set of operations and behaviors for a data structure, without specifying the underlying implementation details. Arrays, as an ADT, define how data is organized and accessed through indexes, but not how it is actually stored in memory.
Arrays as an ADT
- An Array ADT defines a collection of elements that can be accessed by their index (position).
- Common operations on an Array ADT include: accessing an
Essential Concepts in Data Structures and Algorithms
Data Structures and Abstract Data Types
A data structure is a specialized format for organizing, processing, and storing data in a computer so that it can be accessed and modified efficiently. Data structures are essential for managing large amounts of data and are fundamental to computer science and programming. They provide a way to manage data in a way that enables efficient algorithms to operate on that data.
Abstract Data Type (ADT) Explained
An Abstract Data Type (ADT) is a theoretical concept
Read MoreMobile Communication Networks: Technologies and Protocols
Mobile Communication Challenges and Solutions
Basic Challenges of Mobile Communications and Solution Areas:
Challenges:
- Mobility: Mobile devices constantly change location, requiring seamless handovers between cell towers or base stations.
- Interference: Multiple devices sharing the same frequency spectrum can lead to signal interference.
- Attenuation and Fading: Radio channels can suffer from signal attenuation due to distance and obstacles, leading to signal fading.
- Bandwidth Limitations: Radio frequency