Computers Archives - Student Notes

Operating System Concepts: Virtual Memory and I/O Mechanisms

Posted by admin on Nov 20, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

What Is Virtual Memory?

Virtual memory is a memory management technique that gives programs the illusion of having a large, continuous block of memory—even if the physical RAM is limited. It allows the system to use disk space (like HDD/SSD) as an extension of RAM.

Key Capabilities Enabled by Virtual Memory

Running large applications
Multitasking
Memory protection and isolation

Virtual Memory Implementation Methods

Paging

Memory is divided into fixed-size blocks:

Pages (virtual memory)
Frames (physical

C Programming Fundamentals and Sorting Algorithms Reference

Posted by admin on Nov 19, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

C Program: Find and Count Array Element Occurrences

Objective: Write a C program to find all positions where a specific value (9) is present in a user-defined list and count its total occurrences.

Given Sample List (entered at runtime): 3, 2, 10, 9, 7, 1, 5, 21, 8, 5. This should print: “9 is present at 4th position.”

C Implementation (1-Based Indexing)

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int n, i, count = 0, x = 9;
    printf("Enter number of elements: ");
    scanf("%d", &n);
    int a[

Data Structures and Algorithms: Definitions and Analysis

Posted by admin on Nov 18, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Data Structures: Definition and Categories

A data structure is a specialized way of organizing, storing, and managing data in a computer to enable efficient access, manipulation, and operations. It defines how data is stored and the relationships between data elements.

Data structures are categorized into two main types:

Primitive Data Structures: These are basic building blocks like integers, floats, characters, and booleans, which handle simple data types directly supported by the programming language.

JDBC Architecture and Components Explained

Posted by admin on Nov 18, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

JDBC is an API that helps applications communicate with databases. It allows Java programs to connect to a database, run queries, retrieve, and manipulate data. Because of JDBC, Java applications can easily work with different relational databases like MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, and more.

JDBC Architecture

JDBC-Architecture

Components of JDBC Architecture

Explanation of Components

Application: This can be a Java application or servlet that communicates with a data source.
The JDBC API: It allows Java programs to execute

Python Fundamentals: Core Concepts, OOP, and Practical Applications

Posted by admin on Nov 16, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Python Programming Fundamentals

History of Python

Python is a widely used, general-purpose, high-level programming language created by Guido van Rossum in 1989 in the Netherlands and developed by the Python Software Foundation.

The official date of birth is February 20, 1991.

Python is a dynamic, general-purpose, high-level, interpreted, freeware, and open-source programming language. Python supports both procedure-oriented programming and object-oriented programming.

Variables

A variable in Python is

Algorithm Analysis and Core Data Structures Explained

Posted by admin on Nov 14, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Fundamentals of Algorithms and Performance Analysis

An algorithm is a step-by-step set of instructions designed to perform a specific task or solve a problem efficiently. It acts as a blueprint for programming logic. Performance analysis of an algorithm focuses on determining its efficiency in terms of time and space. Time complexity measures how execution time grows with input size, while space complexity checks how much memory is required. These are often analyzed using asymptotic notations like

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