Computers Archives - Student Notes

Java AWT Delegation Event Model and Class Hierarchy

Posted by admin on Jan 8, 2026 in Computers | 0 comments

Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT)

The Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) is Java’s original platform-dependent windowing, graphics, and user interface (UI) toolkit.

AWT Class Hierarchy

🖼️ The core of AWT is structured around a few key classes, all of which inherit from the Object class.

Component Class
Component is the root of all AWT UI elements. A component is an object with a graphical representation that can be displayed on the screen and can interact with the user. Examples include buttons, text fields,

Computer Graphics Algorithms and Display Technologies

Posted by admin on Jan 6, 2026 in Computers | 0 comments

Drawing Circles with the Mid-Point Algorithm

The Mid-point Circle Drawing Algorithm is a technique used to draw a circle using simple arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction. It avoids complex mathematical calculations such as square roots or trigonometric functions. The main idea is to start at the top point of the circle and move pixel by pixel to draw 1/8th (octant) of the circle. Then, using symmetry, the remaining seven parts of the circle are drawn by mirroring that part.

At each

Python Data Structures: Dictionaries, Strings, and Functions

Posted by admin on Jan 5, 2026 in Computers | 0 comments

Python Data Structures Fundamentals

Dictionaries: Key-Value Storage

A Python dictionary is a collection of key-value pairs used to store data in an unordered, mutable structure. You create a dictionary using curly braces {} with key-value pairs, for example: my_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}. You can also use the dict() constructor to create dictionaries.

Accessing values is done by referring to their keys: my_dict["name"] returns “Alice”.

Adding, Updating, and Removing Items

You add or update items

Flip-Flops, Registers, and Sequential Circuit Fundamentals

Posted by admin on Jan 5, 2026 in Computers | 0 comments

Flip-Flops: Basic Sequential Data Storage

A Flip-Flop is a basic sequential circuit used to store one bit of data (0 or 1). Unlike combinational circuits, the output of a flip-flop depends on:

Present input
Previous output (memory)
Clock signal

Flip-flops are the building blocks of registers, counters, and memory units.

1. RS (Set-Reset) Flip-Flop

The RS flip-flop has two inputs: S (Set) and R (Reset).

Working Principle

S = 1 → Output is set to 1
R = 1 → Output is reset to 0
S = R = 0 → No change
S =

PHP Fundamentals: Control Flow, Arrays, and Functions

Posted by admin on Jan 4, 2026 in Computers | 0 comments

Core PHP Concepts

Control Statements

Control statements manage the flow of execution based on conditions or repetitions.

Conditional Statements

if...else: Executes code if a condition is true.
switch: Selects one of many code blocks to be executed based on a variable’s value.

Looping Statements

for: Used when the number of iterations is known.
while: Repeats execution as long as a specified condition remains true.
foreach: Specifically designed to iterate through arrays.

File Handling Operations

PHP allows

Essential Linux Commands, User Roles, and Process States