Evolution of Computing: From Mainframes to Cloud Systems
Phases of Computing Evolution
Mainframe Architecture
Definition: Mainframe architecture is a centralized computing model where a large, powerful computer performs all processing, and users access it through dumb terminals.
Key Points:
- Expensive and large-scale systems
- Introduction of time-sharing
- Dumb terminals with no independent processing power
Client–Server Computing
Definition: Client–server computing is a model where client machines perform some processing while servers handle centralized services
Read MoreDatabase Management System Concepts and Architecture
1
What is DBMS? Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using DBMS
==ADatabase Management System (DBMS)
Is a software system that allows users to create, store, retrieve, update, and manage data in an organized way.
Examples: MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server, PostgreSQL.
Advantages of DBMS : *//Data Redundancy Control
DBMS reduces duplicate data by storing data centrally. *//Data Consistency
Since data is stored in one place, changes are reflected everywhere. *//Data Security
DBMS provides authentication,
Algorithmic Paradigms: Greedy, DP, and Backtracking
Greedy Approach
A Greedy Algorithm is a problem–
Solving strategy that makes the choice that looks best at the moment at each stage, hoping this local optimum will lead to a global optimum.
Key Characteristics
1.
Local Optimal Choice:
It focuses on making the locally best decision without considering the consequences for future steps.
2
No Reconsideration:
Once a choice is made, it is permanent and never revisited or revised (it is “short-sighted”).
3
Speed:
They are often simpler and faster to implement
Read MorePython Programming: OOP, RegEx, and Web Scraping
Practical 1: Car Class Implementation
Purpose: Demonstrate basic Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) by creating a Car class with accelerate and brake methods.
class Car:
def __init__(self, year, mpg, speed):
self.year = year
self.mpg = mpg
self.speed = speed
def accelerate(self):
self.speed += 10
print(f"The car speeds up. Current speed is {self.speed}")
def brake(self):
if self.speed >= 10:
self.speed -= 10
else:
Tampa Bay Rays Relocate to Abbotsford — White-Cats
Move the Tampa Bay Rays to Abbotsford!
The Fraser Valley White-Cats
I think the Tampa Bay Rays should move to Abbotsford because this city is growing, has many sports fans, and would support a Major League Baseball team.
If the team moves, they should be renamed the Fraser Valley White-Cats. The new name represents the animals and nature of British Columbia.
With a new stadium, new brand, and strong fan support, the Fraser Valley White-Cats would become very popular.
Reasons for the Move
- Abbotsford is
Database Normalization: Functional Dependencies and Normal Forms
1. Trivial vs Non-Trivial Dependency
These types describe the basic mathematical relationship between the sets of attributes.
- Trivial Functional Dependency: Occurs when the dependent (RHS) is a subset of the determinant (LHS). It is “trivial” because it doesn’t provide new information.
- Logic: X → Y is trivial if Y ⊆ X.
- Example: {Student_ID, Name} → {Name}.
- Non-Trivial Functional Dependency: Occurs when the dependent is not a subset of the determinant.
- Logic: X → Y is non-trivial if Y ⊄ X.
- Example: