Computer Networks Exam Notes: Units I–III with Solved Numericals

Posted by Javier on Oct 17, 2026 in Computers | Comments Off on Computer Networks Exam Notes: Units I–III with Solved Numericals

Computer Networks — Exam Preparation Notes

B.Tech CSE | Minor-I | Units I, II & III

These notes are organized according to your syllabus, the two uploaded question papers, and your teacher’s exam guidelines: approximately 60% numerical/problem-solving and 40% theory.

Your preparation priority

60%

Numericals and problem-solving

Unit III routing, shortest paths and IP addressing; Unit II CRC, Hamming code, flow control and ARQ; Unit I delay calculations.

40%

Theory and diagrams

Unit I devices, transmission

Operating Systems Key Concepts: Process States, PCB, Semaphores & Memory

Posted by Javier on Oct 16, 2026 in Computers | Comments Off on Operating Systems Key Concepts: Process States, PCB, Semaphores & Memory

Operating Systems Key Concepts: Process States, PCB, Semaphores & Memory

4. Process State & Process Control Block (PCB)

• Process States: A process cycles through: New (created) → Ready (waiting in memory) → Running (executing instructions) → Waiting/Blocked (waiting for an event/IO) → Terminated (finished execution).
• PCB Definition: A dedicated kernel data structure containing all information about a specific process.
• 5 Essential PCB Fields:
  1. Process State: Current condition (Ready, Running,

DBMS Fundamentals: Architecture, Data Models, and SQL Languages

Posted by Javier on Oct 14, 2026 in Computers | Comments Off on DBMS Fundamentals: Architecture, Data Models, and SQL Languages

1. DBMS – Introduction

Data

Data means raw facts and figures.

Example: 101, Vikas, CSE, 1st Year

Database

A database is an organized collection of related data that can be easily accessed, managed, and updated.

DBMS

DBMS (Database Management System) is software used to create, store, retrieve, update, and manage data in a database.

Examples: MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, SQL Server.

Functions of DBMS

• Data storage
• Data retrieval
• Data insertion and updating
• Data security
• Backup and recovery
• Concurrency control
• Integrity

Data Link Layer: Framing, ARQ, HDLC, PPP, Channel Access and Ethernet Explained

Posted by Javier on Oct 12, 2026 in Computers | Comments Off on Data Link Layer: Framing, ARQ, HDLC, PPP, Channel Access and Ethernet Explained

Unit 2: Data Link Layer, Complete Notes with Solved PYQs

Your exam is today, so the ★ boxes (exam-ready answers) and the PYQ solutions come first in priority. Read the basics only if you have time.

One correction to the earlier numbers: the 1 Mbps / 20 ms question has two valid answers. The textbook method (Forouzan, which the paper’s wording follows) gives 5% and 75%. The formula Tₜ/(Tₜ+RTT) gives 4.76% and 71.4%. Write the textbook method in the exam and add the formula as a one-line remark.

Complete JavaScript Roadmap and Topic-Wise Tutorial

Posted by Javier on Oct 6, 2026 in Computers | Comments Off on Complete JavaScript Roadmap and Topic-Wise Tutorial

JavaScript Complete Topic-Wise Explanation

1. JavaScript kya hai?

JavaScript ek programming language hai jo website ko interactive aur dynamic banati hai.

Simple example:

• HTML → Website ka structure
• CSS → Website ka design
• JavaScript → Website ka behavior/functionality

Example: Button click karne par text change karna.

Click Me

Hello

2. JavaScript ko HTML me add karna

Internal JavaScript

External JavaScript

HTML:

script.js:

console.log("Hello JavaScript");

External JS real projects me commonly use hoti

C++ Algorithms for Binary Search and Prefix Sums

Posted by Javier on Oct 5, 2026 in Computers | Comments Off on C++ Algorithms for Binary Search and Prefix Sums

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    int n;
    long long k;

    cin >> n >> k;

    vector<long long> pref(n + 1, 0);

    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
        long long x;
        cin >> x;
        pref[i] = pref[i - 1]