Linux Fundamentals: Architecture, Features, and System Management
Introduction to Linux
Linux is a powerful, open-source operating system (OS) based on the Linux kernel. It is used everywhere, from supercomputers and servers to mobile devices and embedded systems. Unlike proprietary operating systems like Windows or macOS, Linux’s source code is freely available, which allows anyone to modify and distribute it.
Linux System Architecture
The Linux operating system follows a layered architecture, separating user programs from the core system components. This modular
Read MoreData Visualization Applications and Excel Data Management
Applications of Data Visualization
Data visualization spans across many fields and industries, as it helps make complex data understandable and actionable. Here’s a detailed breakdown of its major applications:
- Business Intelligence (BI)
- Finance & Investment
- Healthcare
- Education
- Marketing & Sales
- Government & Public Policy
- Information Technology & Cybersecurity
- Manufacturing & Supply Chain
- Social Media & Web Analytics
- Geospatial Analysis
Data visualization is a bridge between raw data
Read MoreSQL Data Types, Commands, Relational Algebra & Calculus
SQL Data Types and Their Purpose
SQL data types specify the type of data that can be stored in a database table. Choosing the correct data type improves storage efficiency, performance, and data integrity.
Numeric Data Types
These types are used to store numeric values.
- INT / INTEGER – stores whole numbers.
- SMALLINT / BIGINT – stores small or large integers.
- DECIMAL(p, s) / NUMERIC – stores fixed-point (exact) numbers.
- FLOAT / REAL – stores floating-point numbers (approximate).
Character (String)
Read MoreVirtual Memory and Disk Storage Systems
Virtual Memory Fundamentals
Virtual memory provides the separation of user logical memory and physical memory.
- Only part of the program needs to be in memory for execution; therefore, the logical address space is greater than the physical address space.
- It allows address spaces to be shared by multiple processes, which results in less swapping.
- It allows pages to be shared during
fork(), leading to faster process creation.
Page Fault Mechanisms
A page fault occurs the first time there is a reference to
Read MoreJava Exception Handling, Custom Exceptions & File I/O
Java Exception Handling and File I/O
Multiple Catch Statements
In Java, multiple catch statements allow a program to handle different types of exceptions separately. When we write a try block, it may throw different exceptions at runtime. To handle each specific exception, Java provides multiple catch blocks arranged one after another. Multiple catch statements mean writing more than one catch block after a single try block so that each block handles a different type of exception. This helps in writing
Read MoreJava Programming Essentials: OOP and Core Syntax
Java Program Structure
A typical Java application is composed of one or more classes. The most basic structure for a runnable Java program includes:
- Package Declaration (Optional): Specifies the package the class belongs to.
package com.example.app; - Import Statements (Optional): Allows using classes from other packages (like built-in Java libraries).
import java.util.Scanner; - Class Definition: Defines the main structure of the program.
public class MyProgram { // ... Class body ... } - main Method (For Executable