MongoDB Sharding and CAP Theorem in Microservices

Week 9: Setup a MongoDB Cluster

What is MongoDB Sharding?

Sharding is the process of distributing data across multiple machines. MongoDB uses sharding to handle deployments with large data volumes and high-performance demands. Horizontal scaling (scale-out) involves adding machines to manage data load, allowing nearly limitless scaling for big data.

Why Sharding?

Sharding is essential when a single server can’t handle high workloads. It allows horizontal scaling, reducing the strain on individual

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Networking Protocols: MIME, HDLC, RIP, OSPF, BGP, ARP, ICMP, TELNET

MIME Protocol

MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) is an extension of the SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) used to allow email messages to include more than just plain text. MIME enables email to carry multimedia content, such as images, audio, video, and attachments, and it supports different character sets.

Key Features of MIME

  • Support for Non-Text Content: Allows the transmission of multimedia content (images, videos, documents) over email, which SMTP alone cannot handle.
  • Character Set
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CPU Registers, Instructions, and Bus Systems Explained

CPU Registers: A Deep Dive

Registers are essential for supporting transactions, temporarily storing information to facilitate CPU operations. They are categorized as follows:

  • General Purpose Registers: Store data currently in use.
  • Segment Registers Memory: Store addresses and data locations.
  • Instruction Registers: Monitor the CPU’s status (Flags, overflow, etc.).

Key Registers and Their Functions

  • PC (Program Counter): Reads the memory address of the next instruction.
  • MAR (Memory Address Register): Acts
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Understanding Virtual Memory: Paging and Segmentation

Paging

The virtual address space is divided into pages of equal size. The main memory is divided into physical pages of the same size. These physical pages are shared among different processes in the system. A process will have a few pages resident in main memory (active) and the rest in secondary memory (inactive). The paging mechanism serves two functions:

  1. To carry out the task of transforming addresses, or set the page that corresponds to a particular address of a page, as well as the physical
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Windows Forms Controls and Development: A Practical Approach

ToolStrip Control

The ToolStrip control lets you create a toolbar with the professional and consistent visual style of Microsoft Office. ToolStrip controls are containers for ToolStripItems.

The ToolStrip contains the following items:

  • ToolStripButton: A button that can contain text or an image.
  • ToolStripLabel: A label that displays text, images, and hyperlinks.
  • ToolStripSplitButton: Represents a combination of standard buttons, a kind of menu.
  • ToolStripDropDownButton: Represents a list box where the user
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Advanced Computer Architecture: Optimizing Performance and Efficiency

Amdahl’s Law

  • Formula: S = (1 / ((1 – f) + (f / Senhanced))), where f is the fraction, S is the system speedup, and Senhanced is the enhanced speedup factor.
    • Perfect parallelism is limited by serial components.
    • Small sequential portions dominate performance for large N.
    • Example: For f = 0.9 and Senhanced = 10, S = 5.26.

Response Time

  • Definition: Time elapsed from the start to completion of a task.
  • Includes:
    • Disk access, memory latency, I/O, and OS overhead.
  • Formula: Tresponse = Tservice + Tqueuing

Instruction

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