Java Core Concepts: I/O, Data Types, and Structures

Posted by on Mar 28, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Unit 1: Java Fundamentals

Input, Output, and Basic Types

  • Core Concepts: Scanner, print, println, printf, integers
  • Scanner:
    • Gets input from the user and opens a console.
    • Syntax: Scanner scnr = new Scanner(System.in);
    • Syntax for reading input:
      • Integer: int num = scnr.nextInt();
      • Double: double currentTemp = scnr.nextDouble();
      • String (single word): String userWord = scnr.next();
      • String (entire line): String userLine = scnr.nextLine();
  • Basic Print Methods:
    • System.out.print(): Prints information; the cursor stays
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Key Concepts in OOP and Data Structures

Posted by on Mar 28, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Core Object-Oriented Programming Concepts

  1. An object is an entity provided with a set of properties or attributes (data) and behavior or functionality (methods). It corresponds to real-world objects or internal system entities and reacts to events. It is an instance of a class.
  2. A method is a subroutine associated exclusively with a class or object. It defines a set of actions an object can perform. Methods represent the dynamic and functional part of an object and are commonly used to modify its properties,
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Software Types, Licensing Models, and Development Stages

Posted by on Mar 28, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Software Types, Licensing & Development

Software represents the logical instructions a computer system uses to perform tasks, encompassing programs, applications, and utilities. The physical components (hardware) cannot function without the logic provided by software, and conversely, software coordinates the operations of hardware devices connected to the computer.

Core Software Categories

  • Software: The logic of a computer system needed to carry out work, including programs, applications, and utilities.
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Understanding Modems, Communication Servers, and Routers

Posted by on Mar 27, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Networking Devices: Modems, Servers, and Routers

Modems: Facilitate interaction with quality voice services, channel service units (CSU), and digital service units (DSU), which in turn interact with T1/E1 lines using Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN).

Communication Servers

Communication servers manage user connections, both with and without dialing capabilities.

WAN Physical Layer Standards

WAN physical layer standards include EIA/TIA-232, EIA/TIA-449, V.90, and X.21. The WAN physical layer

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6TiSCH, IPv6 over G.9959, and Bluetooth Low Energy Networks

Posted by on Mar 27, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

6TiSCH: IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4e

The IETF IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE802.15.4e (6TiSCH) working group has standardized a set of protocols to enable low power industrial-grade IPv6 networks. 6TiSCH proposes a protocol stack rooted in the Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) mode of the IEEE802.

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has standardized a set of protocols to respond to the increasing demand for IP-enabled constrained devices. Several working groups have been created to design and

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Operating System Concepts: Key Components & Mechanisms

Posted by on Mar 26, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Operating System Concepts

Extended Machine: Turns hardware into user-friendly abstractions.

Resource Management

Resource Manager: Manages hardware resources (CPU, memory, I/O).

CPU Architecture

CPU Pipeline: Breaks instructions into stages for parallel execution.

Superscalar CPU: Executes multiple instructions per clock cycle.

Memory Hierarchy

Memory Hierarchy: Registers → Cache (L1, L2, L3) → Main Memory (RAM) → Disk.

Bus Structure

Bus Structure: Connects CPU, memory, and I/O devices.

Types of Buses:

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