Understanding Multi-Tier Architecture and Java EE Containers
Understanding Multi-Tier Architecture
Multi-tier architecture separates application functionality into distinct logical and physical layers. This approach enhances maintainability, scalability, and flexibility.
Tiers in Multi-Tier Architecture
- Client Tier: This tier represents all devices or system clients accessing the system or application. A client can be a web browser, a Java or other application, a Java applet, a WAP phone, a network application, or any future device. It could even be a batch
InDesign Text and Layout Essentials: Key Concepts
InDesign Text and Layout Essentials
Working with Text Frames
How do you insert text from an external document into a text frame?
Select the text frame (Selection tool), then click File > Place.
Paragraph Styles
How do you add the Paragraph Styles panel if you are not able to use the Type menu?
Go to the Window menu, then Styles > Paragraph Styles.
Workspace Management
How do you create a new or save a workspace?
Click Essentials (Top Right), select New Workspace, then type the name of the new workspace.
Read MoreOperating System Types: Batch, Real-Time, and Multiprocessing
Batch Processing Systems
The first operating systems were batch systems. Initially, punch card systems only allowed sequential access to information, so tasks were executed line by line, using only one application package at a time. In a batch OS, instructions are delivered, implemented, and then the result is delivered.
Monoprogramming means that the system can only perform one task at a time. When a program enters the process, it takes over the CPU and I/O until it finishes.
There are several variants:
Read MoreUnderstanding Sorting Algorithms and Search Techniques
1. Different sorting algorithms vary in their efficiency. A more efficient algorithm will be faster and consume fewer resources (memory). The ordered data can be stored in main memory or mass storage. If the data is stored in lists and in small quantities, it is usually temporarily stored in arrays and records. This data is stored exclusively for internal treatments used for massive data management. There are two fundamental management techniques in data management: managing lists and file management.
Read MoreEmbedded System Communication Protocols and Memory Concepts
UART Communication Protocol Details
UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) mode operates as follows:
- Idle State: A non-return-to-zero (NRZ) state where the serial line maintains a logic state of 1.
- Start Bit: A signaling flag indicating the beginning of a byte, marked by a 1-to-0 transition. The receiver detects this transition at the middle of the bit interval (T).
- Data Bits: Following the start bit, typically 8 data bits are transmitted on the TxD line and received on the RxD line over
C++ Pointers and Structs: Code Examples and Explanations
C++ Pointers and Structs: Code Examples
Pointer Basics
int x;
int y;
int *p = &x;
int *q = &y;
x = 35; y = 46;
p = q;
*p = 78;
cout << x << endl;
cout << y << endl;
int *p;
int *q;
p = new int;
q = p;
*p = 46;
*q = 39;
cout << *p << endl;
int *p;
int *q;
p = new int;
*p = 43;
q = p;
*q = 52;
p = new int;
*p = 78;
q = new int;
*q = *p;
cout << *p << endl;
Pointer Example 1: Storing Variable Addresses
// This program stores the address of a variable in a pointer.
#include