Introduction to Computer Networking: Transport and Application Layers
Transport Layer Overview
The Transport Layer provides logical communication between application processes running on different hosts. The main transport layer protocols are TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
- Send Side: Breaks application messages into segments and passes them to the network layer.
- Receive Side: Reassembles segments into messages and passes them to the application layer.
Comparison with Network Layer
- Network Layer: Provides logical communication between
Programming Language Basics: A Comprehensive Guide
Programming Language Basics
Introduction to Macros
A macro is a written instruction in a language different from Assembler or machine language. Through a translation process, it is converted into a set of machine language instructions that perform a specific action.
Language Classifications
High-Level Languages
4th Generation (Declarative)
These modern languages resemble formal languages in expressive power and functionality. They specify “what to do” rather than “how.”
3rd Generation
These languages are
Read MoreNetwork Communication Modes and Topologies
Communication Modes
Simplex Mode
The transmitter sends information to the receiver only.
Half-Duplex Mode
Both sender and receiver can transmit, but not at the same time.
Full-Duplex Mode
Simultaneous two-way communication is possible.
Network Types
Transmission Type
Peer-to-Peer Networks
Two devices connect directly via a link.
Multipoint Networks
Multiple devices share a single link.
Ownership
Private and public networks.
Network Categories
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Typically confined to a single building.
Metropolitan
Read MoreComputer Hardware and Software Essentials
1. Statements about SIMM and DIMM Memory
Correct answers: b and d
2. Memory Modules Requiring Pair Installation
Correct answers: c and e
3. Graphics Card Accommodation
All options are correct.
4. Memory Operating Rate
Correct answers: b and e
5. FSB Speed
Yes, it’s the internal micro operating speed, measured in MHz.
6. Incorrect Statement about SCSI Interface
d) In most cases, no adapter card is required.
7. Content of Main Memory
c) Running programs and their data.
8. Component Part of the UC
b) The CPU
9. Components
Read MoreUnderstanding Network Topologies
1. Definition
A network topology is the physical or logical arrangement of nodes and connections within a computer network. Networks can utilize a single topology or a combination, known as a mixed topology.
2. Common Topologies
2.1 Ring Network
In a ring network, stations are connected in a closed loop. Each station connects to its neighbors, with the last connecting back to the first. Data transmission occurs sequentially, with each station acting as a relay. This topology often employs a token-passing
Read MoreSAP-1 Architecture, Microprocessors, and Computer Organization
1. SAP-1 Architecture
1.1. Overview
The Simple-As-Possible (SAP)-1 computer, explained by Albert Paul Malvino, is a basic microprocessor model. It demonstrates fundamental microprocessor operations, memory interaction, and input/output processes. Its instruction set is intentionally limited and straightforward.
1.2. Components
1.2.1. Program Counter (PC)
Counts from 0000 to 1111, signaling the memory address of the next instruction.
1.2.2. Inputs and Memory Address Register (MAR)
During execution, the
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