Understanding Modems, Communication Servers, and Routers
Networking Devices: Modems, Servers, and Routers
Modems: Facilitate interaction with quality voice services, channel service units (CSU), and digital service units (DSU), which in turn interact with T1/E1 lines using Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN).
Communication Servers
Communication servers manage user connections, both with and without dialing capabilities.
WAN Physical Layer Standards
WAN physical layer standards include EIA/TIA-232, EIA/TIA-449, V.90, and X.21. The WAN physical layer
Read More6TiSCH, IPv6 over G.9959, and Bluetooth Low Energy Networks
6TiSCH: IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4e
The IETF IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE802.15.4e (6TiSCH) working group has standardized a set of protocols to enable low power industrial-grade IPv6 networks. 6TiSCH proposes a protocol stack rooted in the Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) mode of the IEEE802.
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has standardized a set of protocols to respond to the increasing demand for IP-enabled constrained devices. Several working groups have been created to design and
Read MoreOperating System Concepts: Key Components & Mechanisms
Operating System Concepts
Extended Machine: Turns hardware into user-friendly abstractions.
Resource Management
Resource Manager: Manages hardware resources (CPU, memory, I/O).
CPU Architecture
CPU Pipeline: Breaks instructions into stages for parallel execution.
Superscalar CPU: Executes multiple instructions per clock cycle.
Memory Hierarchy
Memory Hierarchy: Registers → Cache (L1, L2, L3) → Main Memory (RAM) → Disk.
Bus Structure
Bus Structure: Connects CPU, memory, and I/O devices.
Types of Buses:
Read MoreC Array Manipulation: Insertion, Deletion, and Sorting
This document presents C code for manipulating arrays, including insertion, deletion, sorting, and display functionalities.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <windows.h>
#define MAX 5
int enter();
void insert(int item, int vector[], int pos);
int remove(int deletion, int vector[], int pos);
void modify(int modif, int vector[], int pos);
void display(int array[], int position, int available);
void sort(int array[], int pos);
int menu();
int main() {
int array[Data Link and Physical Layer Functions in Networking
Data Link Layer Fundamentals
The Data Link layer provides the means to exchange data over common local media. It performs two basic services:
- Allows higher layers to access the media using techniques such as framing.
- Controls how data is placed onto and received from the media using techniques such as media access control.
Layer 2 Terminology
- Frame: The Protocol Data Unit (PDU) of the Data Link layer.
- Node: A Layer 2 notation for network devices connected to a common medium.
- Media/Medium (physical): The
Microprocessor Registers, AGP, and CardBus Explained
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) included three performance-enhancing features:
- Pipelined memory read/write operations.
- Demultiplexing of the data and address bus.
- Increased speed up to 100 MHz (providing a throughput over 800 MB/s, more than four times that of PCI).
CardBus Interface
CardBus devices are 32-bit and based on the 33 MHz PCI bus (unlike PC Cards, which can be 16 or 32-bit). CardBus includes bus mastering, enabling communication between the controller and connected
Read More