Multiplexing, Routers, Modems, and Gateways: A Comparison
Multiplexing Techniques
Multiplexing is a technique used in data communication to combine multiple signals (analog or digital) into a single communication channel. This allows efficient use of bandwidth, reducing the need for multiple transmission lines.
Importance of Multiplexing
- Efficient Bandwidth Utilization: Maximizes the use of the available channel capacity.
- Cost-Effective: Reduces the need for separate channels for each signal.
- Improved Scalability: Enables multiple users or devices to share
80386 Microprocessor: Memory Management and Protection
LIDT and SLDT Instructions
SLDT (Store Local Descriptor Table) Instruction:
- The SLDT instruction retrieves information about the Local Descriptor Table (LDT) and stores it in a register or memory location.
- Syntax:
SLDT operand - The operand can be a register or a 6-byte memory location where the LDT information will be stored.
- Purpose and Functionality: The SLDT instruction enables the program to obtain details about the LDT, which is a data structure used for managing segment descriptors at the local
Software Architecture and System Modeling Techniques
Context and Process Models
Context models illustrate the other systems in the environment. Process models show how the system being developed is used in broader business processes. UML activity diagrams define business process models.
Interaction Models
Interaction models cover:
- User interaction (user inputs and outputs) – this identifies user requirements.
- Interaction between one system and another – this shows the communication problems that can arise.
- Interaction between the components of the systems
Network Layer Functions, IPv4, Switching, NAT, ARP, RARP, DHCP, and More
Network Layer Functions
The network layer is the lowest one in the OSI model that is concerned with actually getting data from one computer to another, even if it is on a remote network. In contrast, the data link layer only deals with devices that are local to each other.
- Logical Addressing: Every device that communicates over a network has a logical address, sometimes called a layer three address. For example, Internet Protocol (IP) is the network layer protocol, and every machine has an IP address.
Network Management, Linux Utilities, and Operating Systems
SNMP and UDP
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a protocol used for network management, allowing administrators to monitor and manage network devices such as routers, switches, servers, and printers. SNMP operates in a client-server model where the SNMP manager (client) communicates with SNMP agents (servers) on the devices. It uses a hierarchical structure of Management Information Base (MIB) to define the data that can be monitored and controlled.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless
Read MoreSymmetric Shared Memory Architecture and Cache Coherence
Symmetric Shared Memory Architecture
Symmetric Shared Memory (SSM) architecture is a type of multiprocessor architecture where multiple processors share a common memory space and have equal access to the shared memory. In SSM architecture, all processors are connected to the shared memory through a shared bus or interconnect.
Characteristics of Symmetric Memory Architecture
- Shared Memory: All processors share a common memory space, which allows for efficient communication and data sharing between processors.