Database Normalization: Functional Dependencies and Normal Forms

Posted by on Feb 21, 2026 in Computers | 0 comments

1. Trivial vs Non-Trivial Dependency

These types describe the basic mathematical relationship between the sets of attributes.

  • Trivial Functional Dependency: Occurs when the dependent (RHS) is a subset of the determinant (LHS). It is “trivial” because it doesn’t provide new information.
    • Logic: X → Y is trivial if Y ⊆ X.
    • Example: {Student_ID, Name} → {Name}.
  • Non-Trivial Functional Dependency: Occurs when the dependent is not a subset of the determinant.
    • Logic: X → Y is non-trivial if Y ⊄ X.
    • Example:
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C Programming: Arrays, Functions, and String Handling

Posted by on Feb 21, 2026 in Computers | 0 comments

One-Dimensional Arrays

A one-dimensional array is a linear collection of elements of the same data type, stored in contiguous memory locations.

1. Declaration

Declaring an array tells the compiler its name, data type, and size.

data_type array_name[size];
  • Example: int scores[5]; // Declares an array named scores that can hold 5 integers.

2. Initialization

You can initialize an array at the time of declaration or assign values later.

MethodExampleDescription
Declaration with Sizeint marks[3] = {90, 85, 95}
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Java Programming: Exceptions, Threads, and Networking

Posted by on Feb 21, 2026 in Computers | 0 comments

Java Exceptions: Checked vs Unchecked

Differentiating Exception Types in Java

Exceptions in Java are runtime errors that disrupt the normal flow of a program. They are classified into checked and unchecked exceptions.

Checked Exceptions are verified at compile time. The programmer must either handle them using try-catch blocks or declare them using the throws keyword. These exceptions usually occur due to external factors such as file handling, database access, or network issues. Examples include IOException,

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PL/SQL Quiz Answers and Corrections

Posted by on Feb 20, 2026 in Computers | 0 comments

Module 3 Quiz Answers

Below are the corrected answers and statements from the quiz:

  1. Structured Query Language (SQL) is considered a procedural language. False
  2. PL/SQL fully supports SQL data types. True
  3. The term anonymous blocks refers to blocks of code that are not stored for reuse and do not exist after being executed. True
  4. The BEGIN section of a PL/SQL block contains code that creates variables, cursors, and types. False (This belongs in the DECLARE section.)
  5. Assignment statements are used to put or
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Python File I/O, Strings, Control Flow and Data Structures

Posted by on Feb 20, 2026 in Computers | 0 comments

Python File I/O, Strings, Control Flow and Data Structures

File Input Examples

infile.read(1)
'T'
>>>>
infile.read(5)
'he 3 '
>>>>
infile.readline()
'lines in this file end with the new line
character.\n'
>>>>
infile.read()
'\nThere is a blank line above this line.\n'
>>>>
infile.close()

File Output Examples

outfile = open('test.txt', 'w')
>>>>
outfile.write('T')
1
>>>>
outfile.write('his is the first line.')
22
>>>>
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React useEffect Patterns for Reliable Side Effects

Posted by on Feb 19, 2026 in Computers | 0 comments

🧠 useEffect Cheat Sheet (Beginner → Confident)

1️⃣ What is useEffect? (Plain English)

useEffect lets you run side effects in a React component.

👉 Side effects = things that are not UI rendering.

  • Fetching data
  • Calling APIs
  • Using localStorage
  • Timers (setTimeout, setInterval)
  • Event listeners
  • Updating the document title

Rule of thumb:
If it touches the outside world, it belongs in useEffect.

2️⃣ Basic Syntax (Memorize This)

useEffect(() => {
  // side effect code
}, [dependencies]);

📌 Two parts:

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