Early Programming Languages and Implementation Methods
FORTRAN
FORTRAN: FORmula TRANslation; scientific computing (arrays, loops, floats); Ideas – compiled code for speed; DO loop; subprograms; formatted I/O. Legacy: foundation of scientific programming.
ALGOL 60
ALGOL 60: ALGOrithmic Language; first machine-independent language; Introduced: block structure, recursion, BNF, format types, compound statements (begin…end); Legacy: basis for imperative languages.
COBOL
COBOL: COmmon Business-Oriented Language; business/data processing; English-like syntax,
Read MoreMastering Python Control Flow: Loops and Conditionals
🐍 Python Loop and Branching Statements
Python provides powerful structures for iteration (loops) and flow control (branching statements) that allow you to execute blocks of code repeatedly or conditionally.
Python Loop Statements
Loops are used to execute a block of code multiple times. The main loop types in Python are while and for.
1. The while Loop
The while loop repeatedly executes a block of statements as long as a given condition is True.
- Syntax:
while condition: # statement(s) to be executed
Key
Read MorePython Type Conversion, Data Structures and Example Programs
Type Conversion in Python: Types and Examples
Answer:
Type conversion means converting one data type into another. There are two types:
Implicit Type Conversion
Python automatically converts smaller or compatible data types into larger or compatible types to prevent data loss.
x = 10 # int
y = 5.5 # float
z = x + y
print(z) # 15.5
print(type(z)) # <class 'float'>
Explicit Type Conversion
The user manually converts one data type to another using functions like int(), float(), str(),
Mastering Exception Handling and File I/O in Java
Exception Handling in Programming
Exception handling is a structured way to deal with runtime errors or exceptions that occur during the execution of a program. It allows the program to continue running or to terminate gracefully, rather than crashing unexpectedly. The process uses five main keywords: try, catch, throw, throws, and finally.
1. The try Block
The try block encloses the code segment that you suspect might cause an exception.
- Purpose: To designate a section of code for monitoring of exceptions.
Python String Operators and List Functions Reference
Python String Operators and Operations
Discuss various string operators in Python:
1. Concatenation Operator
The + operator is used to concatenate two or more strings.
Python Code Example:
str1 = "Hello"
str2 = "World"
print(str1 + " " + str2)Output: Hello World
2. Repetition Operator
The * operator is used to repeat a string a specified number of times.
Python Code Example:
str1 = "Hello"
print(str1 * 3)Output: HelloHelloHello
3. Indexing Operation ([])
The [] operator is used to access a character at a specified
Database System Characteristics and Components
Database System Characteristics
The database approach offers several key characteristics that distinguish it from traditional file processing systems:
1. Self-Describing Nature of a Database System
Unlike a file system, where data structure is hardcoded into application programs, a database system contains both the data and its complete definition.
- Metadata: The description of the database structure, data types, and constraints is stored in the DBMS Catalog (or Data Dictionary).
- Significance: This allows