Processes and Threads
Processes
A process is a running program, including the current value of the program counter (PC), registers, and variables. Processes are managed by the operating system and consist of:
- Instructions to be executed by the microprocessor.
- Implementation status (register values).
- Working memory (reserved memory and its contents).
- Information for operating system scheduling.
Process States
Running: The process is being executed on the CPU. Only one process can be in this state on a uniprocessor system.
Ready:
Read MoreParallel vs. Serial Data Transmission: Types & Channels
Parallel vs. Serial Data Transmission
Parallel Transmission:
In parallel transmission, all bits are transmitted simultaneously, followed by a brief pause before the next set of bits. This type of transmission typically occurs inside a machine or between machines when the distance is very short.
The main advantage of parallel transmission is its high transmission rate. The biggest disadvantage is the cost.
Data multiplexing can also be considered a form of parallel transmission, where data is transmitted
Read MoreC Operators: Arithmetic, Logical, and Bitwise Examples
C Operators: Arithmetic, Logical, and Bitwise
Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to perform logical operations. Here are some examples:
-
AND (
&&): Returns1(true) if both operands are non-zero; otherwise,0(false).
Example:
int a = 5, b = 3, c = 2;
int result = (a > b) && (b > c); // result is 1 (true) -
OR (
||): Returns1(true) if at least one of the operands is non-zero; otherwise,0(false).
Example:
int a = 5, b = 0, c = 2;
int result = (a > b) || (b >
Static vs. Dynamic in C++: Key Features
Static and Dynamic in C++
Static
The term “static” in C++ refers to features that involve compile-time behavior, fixed memory allocation, or a class/function being bound to a particular point in time. Static behavior is established at compile-time, meaning decisions about allocation and binding are made before the program runs.
1. Static Variables
Definition:
A static variable retains its value between function calls and is initialized only once. Its lifetime is the entire runtime of the program, but
Read MoreUnderstanding Spreadsheets: Concepts, Formulas, and Functions
Understanding Spreadsheets
Spreadsheets originated with the idea of creating programs to perform simple calculations (1974). The first program to load a worksheet was VisiCalc, which allowed for grid calculations.
Initial Concepts
- Worksheet: A grid that allows calculations with rows and columns.
- Row: A horizontal series of cells.
- Cell: An individual box in the worksheet used to enter numeric, alphabetic, or formula-based data.
- Reference: The name of a cell, used to refer to its contents in formulas.
- Workbook:
Computer Architecture and Organization Glossary
MAR (Memory Address Register): A CPU register used to hold the address of the memory location being accessed.
1’s Complement Representation: Used in representing binary numbers by complementing each 1 to 0 and each 0 to 1.
2’s Complement Representation: Used in representing binary numbers. Positive values are in sign-magnitude. Negative values are represented by adding 1 to the 1’s complement of the number.
Absolute Address: An address that identifies a memory location without using intermediate references.
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