Software Testing: Coverage Metrics, Path Testing, and Fault-Based Testing
Test Coverage Metrics
The motivation for using DD-paths is that they enable very precise descriptions of test coverage. In our quest to identify gaps and redundancy in test cases as these are used to exercise (test) different aspects of a program, we use formal models of the program structure to reason about testing effectiveness. Test coverage metrics are a device to measure the extent to which a set of test cases covers a program. Several widely accepted test coverage metrics are used; most of
Read MoreDistributed Operating Systems and Client-Server Architecture
System
A number of factors, processes, and methods that interact with each other toward a common goal.
Operating System
A software package that controls, manages, and regulates the functions of elements to achieve an objective and is stored in secondary memory.
Distributed Operating System
A software package to manage and control the functions of the control elements (hardware, software) that make up a system, which is transparent to the user.
Advantages (Distributed vs. Centralized)
- Economy
- Speed
- Reliability
- Incremental
Bitwise Operators, C++ Streams, and Visual Basic 6.0 Fundamentals
Bitwise Operators in C++
Understanding Bit Fields
Bitwise operators are used for bit fields.
- ~: Supplement to 1 (Bitwise NOT)
- <<: Left Shift
- >>: Right Shift
- &: Bitwise AND (Compares 2 bits)
- ^: Bitwise XOR (Exclusive OR – Compares 2 bits)
- |: Bitwise OR (Inclusive OR)
Detailed Explanation of Bitwise Operators
~ (Bitwise NOT): Inverts each bit of the operand. 0s become 1s, and vice versa.
<< (Left Shift): Shifts the bits to the left. The least significant bit is lost, and the new bit is
Understanding Computer Fundamentals: Hardware, Software
Computers: The Science of Information Processing
Computers represent the science of information processing through machines. It’s a body of scientific knowledge and techniques that enable automatic processing of information through computers. This field of knowledge encompasses the design and use of computers.
What is a Computer?
A computer is a machine capable of accepting input data, performing logical and arithmetic operations on them, and providing the resulting data through an output medium. All
Read MoreC Data Structures: Arrays, Structs, Unions, and More
Arrays
Arrays are a data structure that stores a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type. An array is used to store a collection of data.
Structures
To define a structure, use the struct statement. This statement defines a new data type with multiple members. Structures can contain array members and can also be treated as arrays.
Unions
A union is a special data type that allows storing different data types in the same memory location. A union can have multiple members, but only
Operating Systems: Core Concepts and Functions
An Operating System (OS) acts as an intermediary between computer applications and the underlying hardware.
Key Functions of an Operating System
- Virtual Machine Provision: Creates a virtual environment, allowing users to run programs without being concerned about the complexities of the underlying hardware and software.
- Resource Management: Efficiently manages computer resources such as CPU, memory, and peripherals.
The Kernel: The Heart of the OS
The kernel is the essential core of a computer’s operating
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