Networking Essentials: Protocols, Addressing, and Cabling
Networking Essentials
Datagram Structure
Datagram structure: version, header length, server type, total length, identification flags, fragmentation offset, lifespan, protocol, header checksum, IP address (source and destination), and data.
OSI Layer 6: Presentation Layer
The presentation layer is responsible for data display so the receiver can understand it. It receives information from the application layer, performs its functions, and prepares data for the session layer.
ICANN
ICANN ensures that internet
Read MoreComputer Science Essentials: Redundancy, Ethics, and More
Redundancy in Data
- Temporal Redundancy: Redundancy between frames, abrupt transition between frames.
- Spatial Redundancy: Redundancy within a frame.
Fetch-Execute Cycle
- The address in the program counter is transferred to the MAR.
- During the next clock cycle, two things happen simultaneously:
- Load the instruction at the address of MAR into the MDR.
- The address stored in the PC is incremented.
- The instruction stored in the MDR is transferred to the CIR.
Sampling Process
- The amplitude of the sound wave is determined
Shift Registers: Types, Applications, and Design
TRAVEL LOG
A digital circuit is a sequential circuit (i.e., the values of their outputs depend on their inputs and previous values) consisting of a series of bistable elements, usually of type D, connected in cascade (Fig. 1), which pivot synchronously with the same clock signal.
TYPES OF SHIFT REGISTERS
Depending on the type of inputs and outputs, shift registers are classified as:
- Series-Series: Only the entry of the first flip-flop and the output of the latter are accessible externally. They are
Key Programming Concepts and C Language Essentials
Shorthand Assignment Operators
Shorthand assignment operators combine an arithmetic or bitwise operation with assignment. Common examples include:
+=: Adds and assigns (x += 5is equivalent tox = x + 5).-=: Subtracts and assigns (x -= 5is equivalent tox = x - 5).*=: Multiplies and assigns (x *= 5is equivalent tox = x * 5)./=: Divides and assigns (x /= 5is equivalent tox = x / 5).
Call by Value vs. Call by Reference
Call by Value:
- A copy of the actual argument is passed to the function.
- Changes
Circuit Switching, ATM, and Frame Relay: Key Concepts
Circuit Switching: Advantages and Operation
Circuit switching establishes a dedicated channel for the duration of a communication session. Once the session ends (e.g., a phone call), the channel is released for other users.
Key Features of Circuit Switching:
- Transparent service and constant speed.
- Delay due to call setup.
- Supports analog or digital data transmission.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
ATM uses small, fixed-size cells for data transmission. In 1988, the CCITT designated ATM as the transport
Read MoreUnderstanding Enterprise Project Structure (EPS)
The Enterprise Project Structure (EPS) is a logical, meaningful, hierarchical arrangement of all the projects in your organization. It provides a comprehensive view of the company, showing its areas of operation.
- The EPS is a hierarchical arrangement of projects within an organization.
- It has a main/root node (the enterprise/organization) and several nodes and sub-nodes defining the various fields this enterprise is involved in.
- Once defined, the EPS does not change dramatically or frequently. It only