Essential Concepts in Computer Architecture and Systems
Essential Concepts in Computer Architecture
ISA: Instruction Set Architecture. The set of instructions a CPU supports. Common ISAs: x86, MIPS, ARM, POWER, SPARC.
CISC: Complex Instruction Set, various instruction sizes. Example: x86.
RISC: Reduced Instruction Set, primitive operations. Example: MIPS.
The time for a circuit to stabilize is determined by circuit complexity, transistor properties, wire length, and materials used.
Cost per die = (Cost per wafer) / (Dies per wafer * yield)
Read MoreFundamentals of C Programming: Data Structures, Memory, and File Handling
Defining Array Types: Array Structure and Union
An array is a data structure that stores a collection of similar data types in contiguous memory locations, where each element can be accessed individually using a unique index (also called a subscript), typically starting from 0. Essentially, it’s a list of values of the same type stored together.
Types of Arrays
- One-dimensional array: A simple linear list of elements, accessed using a single index.
- Two-dimensional array: Represents data in rows and columns,
Network Topologies and Access Methods Explained
Network Topologies and Access Methods
The topology of a network is the pattern of interconnection between nodes and a server. There is the logical topology (the way the flow of data is regulated), and the physical topology, which is simply the way a network is laid out through its wiring.
Types of Network Topologies
There are three main types of topologies: bus, star, and ring. Bus and star topologies are often used in Ethernet networks, which are the most popular. Ring topologies are used for Token
Read MoreC++ Memory Management, Data Structures, and Recursion
Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++
Dynamic Memory: Use the new keyword to allocate memory on the heap. It returns the address of the allocated memory. Note: For dynamic arrays, use delete[]. Note: When dynamic arrays store pointers to dynamically allocated objects, you need to delete each element before freeing the array itself.
Common Memory Issues
- Memory Leak: Forgetting to free memory allocated with
new. - Orphaned Memory: Losing the address of allocated memory.
- Double Free: Attempting to free memory
Optimization Techniques for the Sincos Function in R
Analyzing the Sincos Function
getwd()rm(list=ls())
sincos <- function(x){
sol<-sin(x[1]) + cos(x[2])
return(sol)
}
Creating a Vector and Matrix
We create a vector x with values from -3π to 3π in steps of 3π/100 using the seq command.
x<-seq(-3*pi,3*pi, by = 3*pi/100)
Next, we create a matrix m with 2 columns and a number of rows equal to the length of the vector x.
m<-matrix( nrow = length(x), ncol = 2)
m[,1]<-x
m[,2]<-x
Each row of matrix m represents a point in 2D space.
Calculating
Read MoreJava Polymorphism, Abstract Classes, Interfaces, and Threads
Polymorphism in Java
Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms. Any Java object that can pass more than one IS-A test is considered to be polymorphic.
- Supertype: A class or interface is a supertype relative to another type if its corresponding class or interface has been extended or implemented directly or indirectly by the class or interface of the other type.
- Subtype: A class or interface is a subtype relative to another type if its corresponding class or interface is directly