Operating Systems and Network Fundamentals
Operating Systems
An Operating System (OS) is a set of software algorithms and routines intended to allocate resources to processes and provide a user-friendly environment that hides the hardware details.
Types of Operating Systems
For the Number of Users
- Monouser (e.g., DOS)
- Multiuser
By the Number of Concurrent Processes (Tasks)
- Single-tasking or Uniprocessor (e.g., DOS)
- Multitasking or Multiprocessing
- Multitasking Time-Shared (the larger the higher priority, the more runtime the process will have)
- Multiprocessing
Performance Analysis of Single-Cycle and Multi-Cycle Processors
1. Single-Cycle and Multi-Cycle Processor Implementations
Program A | Program B |
lw $6, 80($1) sw $3, 100($6) add $4, $3, $4 beq $3, $2, 50 add $5, $5, $5 lw $6, 400($5) | sub $3, $2, $1 beq $4, $3, 36 add $4, $3, $4 beq $3, $2, 20 add $5, $5, $5 beq $2, $3, 128 |
Two programs, A and B, shown in the above table, are going to be executed on two different machines. One of the machines is a single-cycle machine (Figure 1), and the other is a multi-cycle machine (Figure 2).
Assume that operational delay is 4ns for memory,
Read MoreComputer Evolution and Architecture: From ENIAC to Modern OS
Computer: Definition and Early Stages
A computer is a machine capable of processing data. It accepts a set of input data, processes it, and produces output data. The forerunners of current desk calculators were the machines of Pascal and Leibniz.
Concepts Incorporated in Babbage’s Analytical Engine
- Input Device
- Output Device
- Memory
- Control Unit
- Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Punch cards were used to contain the information of people surveyed. This led to the creation of a tabulating machine capable of reading and
Read MoreMining Fun Facts from Wikipedia Tables & Real-Time Event Stream Processing
Mining Fun Facts from Wikipedia Tables
Introduction – Problem Definition
- Modern search engines provide contextual information surrounding query entities beyond ten blue links in the form of information cards.
- Among the various attributes displayed about entities, there has been recent interest in providing fun facts.
- Obtaining such trivia at a large scale is, however, non-trivial: hiring professional content creators is expensive, and extracting statements from the Web is prone to uninteresting, out-
Computer Hardware and Software: Components and Types
Hardware and Software
Hardware refers to the tangible objects of a computer system, such as integrated circuits, printed circuit boards, cables, power supplies, memories, and printers. Software refers to the algorithms, represented as programs, which are detailed instructions that tell the computer how to perform tasks.
Hardware
Every computer has four main components: processors, memories, input/output devices, and a bus connecting every component.
Architecture
- Central Processing Unit (CPU): Manipulates
Computer Science Fundamentals: Hardware, Software, and Data
Computer Science Definitions
Science: A structured body of knowledge gained through observation and reasoning, following general principles and laws.
Data: Basic facts used for analysis, calculation, or as a unit in a process, represented by symbols.
Information: Ordered data sets that communicate or clarify skills, aiding understanding, decision-making, and reducing uncertainty.
What is a Computer?
An electronic machine with one or more processing units and peripherals, controlled by software stored