Core Database Concepts: ER Models, Normalization, and SQL
Entity Relationship Model (ERD)
Connectivities: Describes how entities are related (e.g.,
1:1,1:M,M:N).- Example: A
Student(1) can enroll in manyCourses(M), so the relationship is1:M.
- Example: A
Cardinalities: Indicates the number of instances of one entity related to another.
- Example: A
Professorcan teach up to 3Courses(cardinality: 0..3).
- Example: A
Strong Relationship: A relationship between two independent, strong entities.
- Example:
StudentandCourseare strong entities, each with its own primary key.
- Example:
Weak Relationship:
Essential Java Programming Concepts: Syntax, Objects, and Arrays
Java Fundamentals and Core Concepts
Method Signature Syntax
A typical Java method is structured as follows:
accessModifier staticOrInstance returnType methodName(parameterType parameterName, ...) {
// method body
}API (Application Programming Interface)
An API is a collection of predefined classes, interfaces, and methods, often referred to as libraries.
Key Features of Java
Java is a versatile and powerful language known for the following characteristics:
- Simple: It is designed to be easy to learn.
Python Fundamentals: Essential Code Examples and Concepts
Unit 2: Basic Python Operations and Control Flow
1. Check if a Number is Even or Odd
n = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print("Even" if n % 2 == 0 else "Odd")2. Determine if a Number is Positive, Negative, or Zero
n = float(input("Enter a number: "))
if n > 0:
print("Positive")
elif n < 0:
print("Negative")
else:
print("Zero")3. Generate Fibonacci Series of Length ‘n’
n = int(input("Enter the length: "))
a, b = 0, 1
for _ in range(n):
print(a, end=" ")
a, b = b, a + b4. Generate
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Module 1: Business Process and Competitive Advantage (20%-30%)
Understanding Business Processes (BP)
Definition of a Business Process
A sequence of activities that a company performs to achieve a specific goal. These activities can be automated or manual, and they are organized in a specific order to ensure efficiency.
Example: Order fulfillment process.Business Process Management (BPM)
BPM is a technique for optimizing processes that businesses employ to perform tasks, serve customers, and generate
Essential Recursive Algorithms and Backtracking Techniques
1) Factorial of n
Question
Compute n!.
Explain question
Return the product 1 * 2 * ... * n. The problem is naturally defined in terms of a smaller n.
Approach (in-depth)
If n is 0 (or 1) the answer is 1. Otherwise the factorial of n = n * factorial(n-1). The recursion reduces n by 1 on every call until the base case. No branching — just a single recursive call. This is linear recursion.
Recurrence relation
fact(n) = n * fact(n-1), with fact(0)=1.
Pseudocode
function fact(n):
if n == 0: return 1return Understanding Computer Bus Architecture and Performance
Introduction to the Concept of the Computer Bus
Computers require a large amount of information to be managed and processed. To facilitate the flow of this data between various components, specific paths are needed. These “paths” are called buses. They are internal circuitry of the motherboard that allows the sending of data between components. The bus largely defines the speed of the computer itself, because the faster the data is sent, the more operations can be performed per second.
A bus, in computing,
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