Essential Data Structures: Trees, Stacks, and Queues Explained
Tree Data Structure and Terminology
A tree in data structures is a non-linear, hierarchical organization of data elements, called nodes, linked by edges. Trees are used to represent relationships where data is organized in levels.
Here are the key terminologies:
- Node: A basic unit storing data and links to children.
- Root: The topmost node; it has no parent.
- Parent: A node with one or more children.
- Child: A node directly connected below a parent.
- Siblings: Nodes sharing the same parent.
- Leaf: A node with
Linux Process Management: Data Structures and System Calls
Linux Process Management: Basic Data Structures and System Calls (Chapter 3)
Fundamental Process Concepts (Q1-Q4)
What is a process?
A process is a program in execution.
What are lightweight processes in Linux?
Lightweight processes are processes which offer better support for multithreaded applications.
Explain what is meant by a multithreaded application. Describe how multithreaded applications are implemented in Linux. Give three examples of POSIX-compliant pthread libraries.
A straightforward way to
Digital Logic, Memory, and CAN Bus Communication Principles
Computer Fundamentals and Signal Processing
Defining a Computer System
A computer is a physical form for information processing. It takes data, adapts and compares it, and then generates signals for actuators.
Four Basic Functions of a Computer
- Input (Entry): This is a voltage signal sent by a sensor or switch.
- Processing: The input signal is compared with programmed instructions. Logic circuits transform the input entries into the required output order.
- Storage: Data is stored for comparison with current
Understanding CPU Registers, Instructions, and Addressing Modes
CPU Registers and Architecture Fundamentals
General Purpose Registers (GPRs)
These 16-bit registers are typically used for arithmetic and data manipulation:
- AX (Accumulator): Used for main arithmetic operations, disk I/O, multiplication and division instructions, and decimal corrections.
- BX (Base): Serves as the base register for memory addresses referenced indirectly.
- CX (Counter): Primarily used as a counter in loops and repetitive string operations.
- DX (Data): Used in conjunction with AX during multiplication
Distributed Systems: Concepts, Protocols, and Architectures
Fundamentals of Distributed Systems
Distributed Mutual Exclusion
Distributed mutual exclusion algorithms coordinate access to shared resources in a distributed system, ensuring only one process uses the resource at a time. Unlike centralized systems, there is no single coordinator. These algorithms rely on message passing among processes to achieve mutual exclusion.
Approaches include:
- Token-Based: A unique token grants access to the critical section.
- Non-Token-Based: Processes request permission using
Essential Computing Concepts: Protocols, Security, and Parallelism
Email Retrieval Protocols: POP3 vs. IMAP
POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) are fundamental email retrieval protocols used by email clients to access messages from a mail server.
POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)
- Downloads emails from the server to the local device.
- Usually deletes them from the server, making emails accessible only on that specific device.
- Pros: Simple, uses less server storage.
- Cons: Not ideal for accessing mail from multiple devices.