Programming Language Concepts: Binding, Scope, and Data Structures
Binding, Typing, and Namespaces
A binding is an association between an entity and an attribute, such as between a variable and its type or value, or between an operation and a symbol.
Variable Scope: Static vs. Dynamic
Variable Scope is the range of statements in which the variable is visible. A variable is visible in a statement if it can be referenced or assigned in that statement.
- Static Scoping: The scope of a variable is determined prior to program execution and remains unchanged throughout (can
Fundamentals of Algorithm Design, Analysis, and Complexity Theory
Iterative Algorithms: Definition and Structure
An iterative algorithm repeatedly executes a set of instructions using loops (for, while, do-while) until a certain condition is satisfied. Instead of solving a problem directly in one step, the solution is approached gradually by repeating computations and updating variables.
Iterative algorithms rely on repetition (iteration) and are widely used for problems involving repeated calculations, searching, and optimization. Examples include Linear Search,
Read MoreC Code for Knapsack, MST, and Shortest Path Algorithms
1. Fractional Knapsack Problem (Greedy Approach)
This implementation solves the Fractional Knapsack Problem using a Greedy Approach. Items are sorted based on their profit-to-weight ratio to maximize the total profit within the given capacity.
C Implementation
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct Item {
int weight, profit;
float ratio;
};
// Comparison function for qsort: sorts items by ratio in descending order
int compare(const void *a, const void *b) {
struct Item C++ Implementations of Core Algorithms: DP, Graph, Sort
Essential Algorithms Implemented in C++
Longest Common Subsequence (LCS)
The Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) problem is solved here using Dynamic Programming. It calculates the length and reconstructs the actual subsequence of two input strings.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm> // For max function
using namespace std;
int main() {
string X, Y;
cout << "Enter first string: ";
cin >> X;
cout << "Enter Java EE Concepts: Interceptors, Hibernate, JPA, and Servlets
EJB Interceptors Explained
An interceptor is a class or method that intercepts EJB method calls or lifecycle events. It is used for common tasks like logging, security, transactions, and auditing. It helps avoid duplicate code and keeps business logic separate from system logic. Interceptors can be defined as a separate class or inside the bean. They use annotations to define behavior.
@AroundInvoke is used for method interception, while @PostConstruct and @PreDestroy are used for lifecycle interception.
I/O Management Fundamentals for System Design
I/O Device Fundamentals
Block Devices
Devices that store data in fixed-size blocks (e.g., 512 bytes or 4 KB) and allow for random access. Examples include hard drives, SSDs, and DVDs.
Character Devices
Devices that send or receive a stream of characters. Examples include the keyboard, mouse, and serial ports.
Why can’t you seek with character devices? Data arrives as a real-time stream, making random access impossible.
Memory-Mapped vs. Separate I/O
Separate I/O
The CPU uses special instructions to communicate
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