Network Fundamentals: Protocols, Streaming, and Reliable Data Transfer
Core Networking Concepts
Circuit Switching Fundamentals
In circuit switching, first maximize the smallest link, then proceed to maximize the subsequent links.
Total Network Delay Components
Total delay is calculated as the sum of:
- Processing/Nodal Delay
- Queue Delay
- Transmission Delay (Trans)
- Propagation Delay (Prop)
Bandwidth-Delay Product (BDP)
The Bandwidth-Delay Product (BDP) represents how much data fits within the “pipe” (where delay is the length and bandwidth is the width). To find the number of pipes,
Read MoreChinua Achebe’s A Man of the People: Themes and Character Analysis
Major Themes in A Man of the People
The main themes explored in Chinua Achebe’s novel are the struggle for power, the influence of greed, and the prevailing aura of corruption.
The Struggle for Power
The struggle for power manifests through both political maneuvering and generational conflict.
- Political Power: Initially, Odili avoids the influence of the powerful Chief Nanga. However, he is slowly enticed to Nanga’s side through lavish parties, vacations, and other bonuses.
- Generational Power: This
DNS Zone Types and DHCP Communication Protocols
Types of DNS Zones
Standard Primary Zones
This is a zone that hosts a read and write copy of the DNS zone in which records are produced and administered. Key characteristics include:
- Only one primary server per zone is allowed.
- This server loads and hosts the master copy of the zone.
- It is the only server allowed to process dynamic updates and zone changes.
- The primary server is generally located in a readily accessible location to allow administration of the zone file.
Standard Secondary Zones
One or more
Read MoreNetwork Protocols and Data Transmission Fundamentals
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Fundamentals
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless transport layer protocol used in computer networks for sending datagrams over the Internet Protocol (IP) network.
- Connectionless Nature: Unlike TCP, UDP does not establish a connection (no handshake or acknowledgment process) before transmitting data.
- Efficiency: Data transmission begins immediately, making it faster and more efficient with minimal overhead.
- Ideal Use Case: Perfect for real-time applications
Microsoft Exchange Server Architecture and Core Roles
Microsoft Exchange Server Fundamentals
Microsoft Exchange Server is calendaring software, a mail server, and a contact manager developed by Microsoft. It is a server program that runs on Windows Server and is part of the Microsoft Servers line of products.
Key Features and Functionality
Advantages of Using Exchange Server
- Incoming Mail and Sent Items are always available on multiple computers and/or Webmail (mail is synced between the mail server and client).
- Supported by most current mobile devices.
Core Networking Protocols: TCP/IP, IPv4/IPv6, and DNS Resolution
TCP/IP Reference Model Features
The TCP/IP reference model (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) is the conceptual framework used for network communication over the internet. It describes how data should be packaged, addressed, transmitted, routed, and received.
Key Features of the TCP/IP Model
- 1. Based on Standard Protocols: Uses open, standard protocols such as TCP and IP, which are vendor-independent and interoperable across devices and operating systems.
- 2. End-to-End Communication: