IP Addressing and Network Protocols Explained
Packet Transmission Delay
The time needed to transmit an L-bit packet into a link is calculated as: L (bits) / R (bits/sec).
Internet Protocol Stack
- Layer 5: Application: Supporting network applications like FTP, SMTP, HTTP.
- Layer 4: Transport: Process-process data transfer using TCP, UDP (Port Address).
- Layer 3: Network: ICMP, IGMP, ARP, RARP (IP Address).
- Layer 2: Link: Data transfer between neighboring network elements like Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi), PPP.
- Layer 1: Physical: Bits “on the wire.”
L1 &
Read MoreKey Concepts in Networking and Protocols
Protocols and Features
- Protocols: Dependent features.
- In the WAN: Accountability.
- In communication: The network level.
- WAN interconnected networks: Link switches.
- Stations in a WAN: Transmitters, receivers, or brokers.
- The services of the network layer: Implement showcase to be connection-oriented or not.
- The mechanism of connection: Packet switching.
- Primary function: The previous three.
Routing and Network Interconnection
- The routing function: Select the shortest route.
- The flooding algorithm: The distribution
Understanding the 7 Layers of the OSI Model
Levels of the OSI Model
- Application
- Presentation
- Session
- Transport
- Network
- Data Link
- Physical
Description of the Seven Layers
Physical Layer
Defines the communication medium for the transfer of information, controls this environment, and specifies control bits by:
- Defining physical connections between computers.
- Describing the mechanical aspect of the physical interface.
- Describing the electrical aspect of the physical interface.
- Describing the functional aspect of the physical interface.
- Defining the art of transmission.
Understanding DNS: Concepts and Operations
The dig command is a DNS client used to query DNS servers. It’s often used to detect problems in DNS server configuration. With dig, queries can be fully defined on the command line, or you can include them in a file and pass it as an argument to dig using the -f option. If no server is indicated, the servers to be consulted are assumed to be those listed in the /etc/resolv.conf file.
Caching DNS Servers
A caching-only DNS server handles client inquiries on behalf of domains. They do *not* contain
Read MoreIP Datagram Format: A Comprehensive Breakdown
IP Datagram Format
IP Datagram Format 2.5 dl (i): The IP datagram is the data base for data transfer, containing origin and destination information. It travels through the data field, which changes physically as it traverses networks. Each datagram can traverse multiple routers. The physical plot of the network it leaves will adapt to the data field of the next network. This mechanism allows the same IP datagram to traverse distinct networks, such as point-to-point links, ATM networks, Ethernet networks,
Read MoreUnderstanding Network Protocols: Server, Client, and More
Understanding Network Protocols
Server: A host running a software application that provides information or services to other hosts connected to the network.
Client: The name given to a computer application used to access information stored on a server.
Key Network Protocols
- DNS (Domain Name System): Provides the IP address of a website or the domain name for a host to connect to it.
- Telnet: Allows administrators to log in from a remote host and control the host as if the session has been started locally.