Networking Essentials: Narrowband vs. Broadband, ARP, and More

Posted by on Mar 21, 2025 in Contemporary Music Composition | 0 comments

Networking Fundamentals: Key Concepts Explained

Narrowband vs. Broadband

  • Narrowband Technologies: Refers to technologies that deliver data at up to 128 Kbps. For example, dial-up connections with a maximum data rate of 56 Kbps are classified as narrowband.
  • Broadband Technologies: Generally refers to technologies that offer high data rates. The exact boundary between broadband and narrowband is not clearly defined.

Thicknet vs. Thinnet

Ethernet LANs using thick cable for interconnection are referred to

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DiffServ, Multicast, RTP, SCTP, SIP, H.323 & Watermarking

Posted by on Mar 21, 2025 in Contemporary Music Composition | 0 comments

DiffServ Expedited and Assured Forwarding

Two PHBs (Per-Hop Behaviors) are defined for DiffServ:

  • Expedited Forwarding PHB: Applied to real-time traffic and related to the guaranteed service transfer capability. It specifies that the departure rate of a class of traffic from a router must equal or exceed a configured rate.
  • Assured Forwarding PHB: Applied to elastic traffic and related to the controlled load service transfer capability. It divides traffic into four classes, each guaranteed a minimum
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Transport Layer Functions and Protocols

Posted by on Mar 19, 2025 in Contemporary Music Composition | 0 comments

Transport Layer

The transport layer performs two main functions:

  1. Expands the delivery system between two processes at the network layer to encompass two processes at the application layer running on end systems.
  2. Controls the transmission rate of entities to avoid or recover from congestion within the network.

The protocols of this layer oversee the process flow of data between processes. The application layer programs interact with each other without any obligation to attend to the lower layers.

Facility

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Understanding Email Delivery, Software, and Security

Posted by on Mar 19, 2025 in Contemporary Music Composition | 0 comments

Understanding Email Delivery Over the Internet

After you create and send an email message, it is sent as packets using the Internet’s TCP/IP protocol.

Routers on the internet examine the address in each packet and send the packets along the best path. When all packets are received at the destination, they are reassembled into an email message.

You can use a mailing list to send one message to a group of people through a mail reflector, which is a program that forwards email to the mailing list. Alternatively,

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TCP/IP and OSI Model: Key Networking Concepts

Posted by on Mar 19, 2025 in Contemporary Music Composition | 0 comments

In the TCP/IP model, which layer(s) of the OSI model does the Network Interface layer correspond to?

Physical and MAC layers

Give three examples of link layer protocols.

IEEE 802.3/Ethernet, Frame Relay, ATM, and SONET

In the TCP/IP layer, the network layer is responsible for enabling the routing of data across (logical or physical):

It is across a logical network path as it uses packet format and IP address format.

What is the min/max length of an IP header?

20/65535 octets

Which field in the IP header

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IP Addressing and Network Protocols Explained

Posted by on Mar 10, 2025 in Contemporary Music Composition | 0 comments

Packet Transmission Delay

The time needed to transmit an L-bit packet into a link is calculated as: L (bits) / R (bits/sec).

Internet Protocol Stack

  • Layer 5: Application: Supporting network applications like FTP, SMTP, HTTP.
  • Layer 4: Transport: Process-process data transfer using TCP, UDP (Port Address).
  • Layer 3: Network: ICMP, IGMP, ARP, RARP (IP Address).
  • Layer 2: Link: Data transfer between neighboring network elements like Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi), PPP.
  • Layer 1: Physical: Bits “on the wire.”

L1 &

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