Numerical Evaluation of Problematic Situations: Error Analysis and Solution Methods
Numerical Evaluation of Problematic Situations
Error Analysis
In numerical evaluation, errors can arise due to:
- Rounding error: Limited precision of computers leads to data being represented with a finite number of decimal places, causing arithmetic operations to produce errors.
- Truncation error: Infinite processes are replaced by finite processes, leading to errors.
- Inherent error: Approximation of reality by mathematical models and use of error-affected data.
- Modeling or programming error: Errors in
Digital Logic Design: Number Systems, Codes, Circuits, and Applications
Number Systems and Codes
Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Conversions
- Binary: Base-2 numeral system using 0s and 1s. Conversion between binary and decimal involves place values.
- Octal: Base-8 numeral system using digits 0 to 7. Conversion to and from binary can be done by grouping 3 bits at a time.
- Hexadecimal: Base-16 numeral system using digits 0 to 9 and A to F. Conversion to binary can be done by converting each hex digit to a 4-bit binary representation.
ASCII Code
- ASCII (American Standard Code for
Git Cheat Sheet: A Comprehensive Guide to Git Commands
Git Cheat Sheet
Getting Started
git clone "existing repo" Clone the repository
git init Create a new local repository
Branches
git branch List all local branches
git branch -r List all remote branches
git branch -d "BRANCH" Remove branch
git branch -m "BRANCH" Rename branch
git remote show "Remote" List all branches for specific remote
git checkout "BRANCH" Switch to branch “BRANCH”
git checkout -b "BRANCH" Create and switch to a new branch “BRANCH”
git checkout -b "BRANCH" "REMOTE/BRANCH" Create branch based
Building Materials: Selection, Compatibility, and Environmental Impact
1. Common Building Materials in Sydney
Concrete blocks are commonly used for underground car parks, reinforced with polycloth and membrane for waterproofing.
2. Building Materials and Their Properties
a) Common Building Materials
Concrete:
- High compressive strength, hardness, and durability
- Low permeability, water cement ratio, and good resistance to water absorption
- Excellent fire resistance
Steel:
- Soft and malleable, can be drawn into wires and thin sheets
- Strong, ductile, and easy to work with, suitable
MOSFET Operation and Modeling
MOSFET Operation
Accumulation
Negative voltage applied to the gate attracts mobile holes to the surface under the gate.
Depletion (weak inversion, subthreshold)
Small positive voltage applied to the gate repels free holes, not negative enough to attract holes, not positive enough to attract many electrons.
Inversion
Moderate positive voltage applied to the gate attracts free electrons from source and drain under the gate.
MOSFET Modeling
MOS Large Signal Model
In saturation, the drain current is basically
Read MoreDigital Electronics: Half-Subtractor, De Morgan’s Theorems, 2 to 4 Decoder, JK Flip-Flop, and Flip Flop Types
What is a Half-Subtractor?
A half-subtractor is a combinational logic circuit that have two inputs and two outputs (i.e. difference and borrow). The half subtractor produces the difference between the two binary bits at the input and also produces a borrow output (if any). In the subtraction (A-B), A is called as Minuend bit and B is called as Subtrahend bit. The block diagram and logic circuit diagram of the half subtractor is shown in Figure-1.
What are De Morgan’s Theorems?
Two of the theorems
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