Political Participation and Representation in Liberal Democracies

In liberal democracies, citizens participate in government through various means. Political participation in a liberal democracy is an activity designed to influence the government through the exercise of political rights. Modern participation has diverged from the classical ideal of citizenship, occurring within a broader societal context. Political participation has evolved, ranging from direct forms of governance to representative systems.

Robert Dahl highlights the importance of political culture,

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UCD & Popular Party: Spain’s Political Transition

The Union of Democratic Center (UCD)

During Spain’s transition to democracy, the political center was occupied by the Union of Democratic Center (UCD). Initially, it was a small coalition of liberal parties, Social Democrats, and Christian Democrats. It brought together personalities and members of the administration, including Franco’s elite, who aimed to establish a Western-style democratic system in Spain.

The party was poorly designed, acting as a cohesive amalgam of different ideological families

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Italian Political System: President and Government

The Italian Referendum

For the Constitution, two conditions were approved:

  • A quorum: the participation of the majority (50% + 1) of the voters (not required for other types of referenda).
  • ULA approval by a majority of voters.

Being seen as a coercive instrument of parliamentary action, the law increases the difficulties. If the *abrogativo* referendum succeeds, the legal consequence is that the Legislature must adopt a law that takes into account the outcome of the consultation. However, because it

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Understanding the UK Cabinet: Powers, Functions, and Structure

Cabinet deliberations are confidential (state secrets). It meets regularly, once or twice a week when the House of Commons is in session, and less often during parliamentary recess. It can also be urgently convened at the initiative of the Prime Minister. Much of the work is done by committees of the Cabinet, so much of its function is reduced to considering the reports and proposed recommendations for resolving issues. It is incumbent upon the resolution of matters of greater importance that require

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The Spanish Constitution: An In-Depth Analysis

Understanding the Spanish Constitution

The Spanish Constitution holds a value superior to all others, making it a cornerstone of the nation. It involves many sectors to ensure its effectiveness. It is a framework in which everyone can find elements that satisfy their needs.

Key Principles

  • Sovereignty: Resides in the nation.
  • Universal Suffrage: All citizens over 18 years of age have the right to vote.

Separation of Powers

Legislative Branch

The legislative branch is organized based on two chambers:

  • The Congress
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Understanding the Spanish Electoral System: A Comprehensive Analysis

Spanish Electoral System

Concept and Election Procedures

The Spanish political electoral system is established by Article 1.1 of the Spanish Constitution (EC) as democratic. Article 23 further elaborates:

  1. Citizens have the right to participate in public affairs, directly or through representatives freely elected in periodic elections by universal suffrage.
  2. They also have the right to equal access to public functions and offices, with the requirements indicated by law.

Electoral System Defined

The electoral

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