Understanding Measurement: Magnitudes, Units, and Errors
Magnitudes and Metrology
5 Magnitudes: Length, mass, time, volume, luminous intensity.
Metrology: The science that studies everything concerning measurement.
- Dimensional: From the measurements.
- Ponderal: Attempts to measure weights.
- Study: Quantities, unit systems, measurement instruments, norms, standards, and instructions.
Systems of Units
International System, CGS system, metric system…
Measurement Instruments
Rule, calipers, angle gauge, scale, protractor, Palmer, stopwatch, and micrometer.
Metrotechnics
Establishes
Read MoreMilling Operations: Techniques, Tools, and CNC
Face Milling: This is a versatile operation. The cutter (face mill) is mounted on the spindle of the milling machine. The working angle of the cutter is usually perpendicular to the work surface but can be tilted to machine tapered and curved surfaces. High-speed face milling: Achieves speeds between 20,000 and 60,000 rpm. Examples of use include cutting large aluminum components for aircraft and producing dies for metal forming. The spindles have a precision rotating accuracy of 10 μm, ensuring
Read MoreCharacteristics of Vapor Discharge Lamps
Vapor Discharge Lamp Technologies
Low-Pressure Mercury Vapor Lamps (Fluorescent)
Low-pressure mercury vapor lamps, commonly known as fluorescent lamps, primarily emit ultraviolet (UV) radiation, predominantly at a wavelength of 253.7nm. To make this radiation useful for lighting, the inside walls of the tube are coated with fluorescent powders (phosphors) that convert UV radiation into visible light.
Two main types of phosphors are used:
- Powders producing a continuous spectrum.
- Tri-phosphor powders emitting
Operational Amplifier Circuits: Inverting, Non-Inverting & More
Operational Amplifier Circuits
Non-Inverting Amplifier
The fundamental non-inverting amplifier operational amplifier configuration is shown in the figure below:
Vin = Input voltage
Vout = Output voltage
Ve = Error voltage
Vf = Feedback voltage
A = Open loop gain amplifier (specified by the manufacturer)
B = Factor of negative feedback
The output voltage (Vout) can be expressed as the error voltage multiplied by the open loop gain (A):
Inverting Summing Amplifier
The following figure shows the basic inverting
Read MoreLathe Turning: Workholding, Machines, Operations & Plastics
Turning Fundamentals
Turning is one of the most common and versatile cutting technologies, primarily performed using a lathe.
Workholding Devices
Jaw Chuck
No additional support needed.
- Self-centering: Suitable for cylindrical or polygonal parts.
- Independent jaws: Require exact positioning, increasing time and cost.
Face Plates
Used for parts with irregular profiles.
Pneumatic or Hydraulic Chucks
Operated by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure.
Magnetic Chucks
Centering can be complex; cannot hold non-magnetic
Extrusion Process: Types, Parameters, and Defects
Extrusion: A Comprehensive Overview
Extrusion: A cylindrical billet is forced through a die. A wide variety of solid or hollow cross sections may be produced by extrusion. A characteristic of extrusion: large deformations can take place without fracture. Depending on the ductility of the material: room or elevated temperatures. At room temperature: combined with forging operations, in which case it generally is known as cold extrusion.
The Extrusion Process
- Direct or forward extrusion: the most common