Key Alloying Elements in Steel: Properties and Uses
Nickel
Nickel was one of the first metals used as an alloying element in the manufacture of special steels. This element was first used in the late nineteenth century. It was noted that adding 2-5% nickel to carbon steels increased their strength and yield strength without reducing toughness.
Nickel is an extremely important element in the manufacture of stainless steel and provides resistance to high temperatures. These steels are austenitic at room temperature and do not support tempering. The iron-
Read MoreElectrical Machines: Types, Composition, and Operation
1.1. Electrical Machines
Electrical machines are devices capable of converting electrical power to create or use mechanical energy, or vice-versa.
Rating
Generators
Generators convert mechanical energy into electrical power.
Types:
- Dynamo: Generates direct current (DC) power.
- Alternator: Generates alternating current (AC) power.
The induced electromotive force (EMF) is calculated to determine the power generated.
Transformers
Transformers convert alternating electrical current at one voltage and current level
Read MoreMechanical Joints, Welding, and Manufacturing Processes
Types of Joints
Demountable: These joints allow you to separate or remove parts without damaging or breaking the union.
Fixed: These joints do not provide for the separation of parts.
Threads
A thread is any mechanical element that has a propeller-shaped channel constructed on a continuous cylinder.
Types of Threads
- According to the shape: Triangular, trapezoidal, square, round.
- According to the number of entries: 1 to 2.
- According to the direction of turn: Right or left.
Classes of Studs
Cylindrical pins,
Read MoreProperties and Applications of Industrial Metals
Tool Steels
Tool steels are used for manufacturing equipment or tools utilized in the transformation of other materials, such as molds, shears, and dies. They are alloyed with elements that provide hardenability and/or form carbides (Cr, Mo, V, W, etc.). Depending on the type and percentage of alloying elements and heat treatment, they are classified into different groups: hot work, cold work, and high-speed steels. In many cases, they are nitrided.
Stainless Steel
Stainless steels exhibit high resistance
Read MoreAntenna Fundamentals: Principles, Parameters, and Types
Principles of Antennas
The antenna: an electrical conductor to which an alternating electrical current is applied, converting it into an electromagnetic wave.
Tank circuit: Parallel combination of a capacitor and a coil.
Parameters of an Antenna
- Resonant frequency: Frequency at which the reactive components cancel each other out, so that there is optimum radiation.
- Bandwidth: Frequency range that an antenna can emit or receive with sufficient gain.
- Electrical Length: Relationship between physical length
Hand and Machine Tools: Usage, Techniques, and Operations
Hand tools: placed in panels. Machine tools: fixed or portable. Fixed: tables or located in designated areas. Portable: guards in lockers or storage.
Technical Working previous operations, manufacturing and finishing.
Operations Prior
Measurement: determining the dimensions of parts. Instruments:
- Measuring Tape: Length measuring above a meter.
- Rules: Measuring small lengths.
- Protractor: Measure angles.
Drawn: marks on the material dimensions of the designed object.
- Carpenter’s pencil: To draw what we want