Microwave Polarization: Understanding Light and Wave Properties
Objectives:
- To study the phenomenon of polarization in a beam of light, using a microwave as a polarizer to alter the polarization generated by a radiation source.
Planning:
Electromagnetic waves, such as light or microwaves, are characterized by the vibration of electric (E) and magnetic (B) fields. These fields are transverse to each other and perpendicular to the direction of propagation. The speed of wave propagation matches the speed of light, which is C = 3×108 m/s (Hecht).
When an unpolarized
Read MoreElectrical and Magnetic Devices: Key Concepts and Applications
Electrical Devices: Key Concepts
- Device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy?
Answer: Motor - When in a motor, the armature coils are connected in series, what can be said about the engine?
Answer: It must be in series - When a coil rotating in a magnetic field induces an alternating electromotive force (EMF), what does it cause?
Answer: Alternating Current (AC) - Device that increases or decreases the EMF depending on the arrangement of the coils?
Answer: Transformer - Device that converts
Acoustics and Audio Technology: Key Concepts Explained
Acoustics and Audio Technology
Reflection: A sound wave reflects at an angle equal to the incident angle, influenced by the material’s absorption. Refraction: This is the change in direction of a sound wave. Diffraction: Occurs when a sound wave encounters an obstacle in its path. Interference: The effects that occur when sounds from various sources interact with the direct wave. Sound Absorption: Happens when a direct wave hits a surface, reflecting a new wave with lower amplitude. Resonance: When
Read MoreElectric Motor Types: Series, Shunt, Compound & Losses
Electric Motor Fundamentals
The current electric motor converts electrical energy (DC) into mechanical energy through the rotation of its parts.
Key Components
- Stator: The fixed part, generating the magnetic field with coils (spools) around electromagnet poles.
- Rotor: The mobile part, with induced coils wound on an iron core. Coil ends are welded to copper plates (Delgado) forming the collector, all mounted on a shaft.
- Brushes: Mounted in brush holders, they maintain contact with the collector, supplying
Refrigerant Condensers: Types, Operation, and Selection
**Characteristics and Function of Condensers**
Its role is in condensing the refrigerant. Recall that the refrigerant leaving the compressor is in a superheated vapor state and thus enters the condenser. This will give the ‘heat’ (as it is a heat exchanger) to the condensing agent, either water or air, producing a cooling of the refrigerant to reach the temperature of condensation, which will develop a change of state. For that heat exchange between the refrigerant and the condensing agent to occur,
Read MoreAtomic Force Microscope: Construction, Working, and Nanomaterial Synthesis
Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
Principle
The various types of forces experienced by the probe while scanning the sample surface scatter a laser signal, which produces a 3D image of the sample.
Diagram
- Optical fiber
- Photodetectors
- Laser beam
- Reflective surface
- Probe
- Cantilever
- Sample
Construction and Working
The AFM consists of a probe with a sharp tip fitted to a cantilever. The radius of the tip is 1 nm, and the length of the cantilever is around 10 nm.
The cantilever surface is highly reflective. A laser beam
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