Understanding Fluid Flow: Laminar, Turbulent, and Pressure
Understanding Fluid Flow
Non-viscous flow can be classified as:
- Laminar Flow: Flow without significant mixing of particles but with significant viscous shear. If a dye is injected, the flow does not mix with the fluid except for molecular activity. It retains its identity over a relatively long period of time.
- Turbulent Flow: The flow varies irregularly, so that its quantities show a random variation. A dye injected into the flow mixes immediately due to the random motion of particles.
Pressure in Fluids
Static
Read MoreThermal Fluid Heating & Air Compression Systems
Thermal Fluid Heating
The heating of fluids is performed in technical furnaces, which often have forced circulation. They are coated inside with refractory material, and the burners are usually at the bottom of the oven. In the convection zone, they usually have an economizer to take advantage of the sensible heat of the smoke, heating a quantity of thermal fluid to be used to preheat air for combustion. There is a pressure control chamber that acts on the vanes, opening or closing the output of
Read MoreMetals and Alloys: Properties, Types, and Applications
T10.1 Metals and Alloys
General Properties of Mechanical Properties
Physical: Metallic materials have a high melting point (Tm), are heat and electrical conductors, and have a medium thermal expansion coefficient.
Mechanical: Metallic materials are ductile (less than polymers), have a high tensile strength, and high toughness.
Chemical: Metallic materials are highly reactive (oxidation).
Steels
Steels are alloys of iron and carbon. They contain other elements like silicon, manganese, sulfur, etc. The
Read MoreSteel Hardening Heat Treatment Methods
Tempering Steel
Tempering is a heat treatment process used to produce hardened steel surfaces.
Factors Influencing Hardness Achieved by Tempering
- Cooling Rate: The speed of cooling.
- Carbon Content:
- Low carbon: Less than 0.20%
- Medium carbon: 0.20% to 0.40%
- High carbon: 0.40% to 1.7% (2.0%)
- Alloy Percentage:
- Low alloy: Less than 8% alloy content.
- High alloy: More than 8% alloy content.
- Size of the Piece: Larger pieces cool more slowly.
Procedure for Tempering
- Select the type of steel.
- Determine the appropriate
Immobilization Techniques in Biosensors: Methods and Applications
Immobilization
Immobilization is the technique used for the physical or chemical fixation of cells, organelles, enzymes, or other proteins (e.g., monoclonal antibodies) onto a solid support, into a solid matrix, or retained by a membrane, in order to increase their stability and make possible their repeated or continued use.
Methods of Immobilization
The selective element must be connected to the transducer. This presents particular problems if the former is biological in nature. Several classes of
Understanding Faraday’s Law: Electromagnetic Induction Explained
Faraday’s Law: Induced Currents and Magnetic Flux
In 1820, Oersted discovered the relationship between electricity and magnetism. The challenge then became understanding the conditions under which a magnetic field creates an electric field. After extensive investigations with conductors and large magnets, Michael Faraday, in 1831, identified the key: to induce an electric field, something must be changing.
Joseph Henry independently discovered electromagnetic induction around the same time, but Faraday
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