Cutting Tool Materials: Performance and Selection Factors
Cutting Speed and Material Removal
It is apparent that more material can be removed by lowering the cutting speed. However, there are two important considerations:
- The economics of the machining process will be adversely affected if cutting speeds are low.
- Tool life curves can curve downward at low cutting speeds.
Consequently, there would be a specific cutting speed where material removal between tool changes is maximum.
Ceramic and Cermet vs. Carbide Cutting Tools
Ceramic and cermet cutting tools have
Read MoreUnderstanding Wood Finishes, Paints, and Coatings
Wood Finishes, Paints, and Coatings
Softwood (carpentry) and hardwoods (furniture) exhibit different compression resistance. Softwood resists compression better in the direction of the grain. The resistance to anisotropy in compression and flex is 3pl/2ab2.
Paint Components
Paintings consist of varnish, binder, diluent solvent, plasticizer, and pigment. Solvents dissolve the binder. Organic solvents include turpentine or distilled turpentine resin. Mineral solvents include water or hydrocarbon derivatives.
Read MoreMetal Cutting Process: Chip Formation and Types
Cutting Process
The cutting process is a controlled interaction between the workpiece, tool, and machine. It is influenced by the cutting conditions, cutting fluids, gripping of the tool and the workpiece, and the machine’s rigidity. Key factors in the formation of the chip are the tool (material and geometry), the work material (material, geometry, stiffness), and cutting conditions.
Oblique and Orthogonal Cutting
Oblique cut is a special case in cutting. When the edge of the tool is perpendicular
Read MoreUnderstanding AM and FM Radio Signals: BLV, DBL, and BLU Modulation
Vestigial Sideband (BLV)
- A carrier signal is transmitted along with a full sideband.
- To reduce reception costs, a portion of the other sideband, near the carrier, is removed. This is referred to as a “trace.”
- Increases the number of channels per band (n1) and performs better than standard AM.
- Suitable for large-scale communications.
Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DBL)
- The power transfer is concentrated solely in the sidebands, resulting in a 50% yield.
- Demodulation is straightforward, although it
Sharp and Cutting Instrument Wounds: Characteristics and Mechanisms
Wounds by Sharp Instruments
These wounds are produced by instruments of elongated shape, with a diameter that is variable but never very large, and a circular or elliptical section, which ends in a more or less acute point. Therefore, they are elongated cylindrical bodies with a sharpened tip. They can be natural or artificial. Natural examples include spines, stingers, and other animal defenses. Artificial examples include pins, needles, punches, arrows, rapiers, and spears.
Mechanism of Action
They
Read MorePreventive Maintenance and Vibration Analysis in Machinery
Preventive Maintenance to Reduce Machine Damage
The purpose of preventive or planned maintenance is to reduce the likelihood of damage or loss of performance of a machine or installation. The goal is to plan interventions that conform fully to the life of the element.
Piezoelectric Transducer (Accelerometer) Operation
It generates a voltage proportional to acceleration by the pressure of an inertial mass on a piezoelectric crystal, usually quartz or ceramic.
Forms of Fixing the Sensor to the Machine
- Mounting