Transducers and Analyzers: Synchros, Gauges, and More
Synchros
A synchro is an electromagnetic transducer commonly used to convert the angular position of a shaft into an electrical signal. Synchros are also known as Telsyn, Autosyn, and Selsyn. A classical synchro system consists of two units: (a) a synchro transmitter and (b) a synchro receiver. The basic synchro unit is called a “Synchro Transmitter.” Its construction is similar to that of a three-phase alternator. The stator is the stationary part, slotted and made of laminated steel to reduce eddy
Read MoreUnderstanding Electromagnetic Induction: Faraday’s Law and Applications
Electromagnetic Induction: An Explanation
Electromagnetic induction: electric currents produce magnetic fields for action. The inductor coil loaded (or magnet) causes the onset of the current, inducing the coil (circuit) which generates the induced current.
Faraday’s Law Explained
Faraday’s conclusion: It generates an induced current when the inductor, the source magnetic field, and the induced coil move relative to each other. When the movement is in one direction, the galvanometer needle moves in
Read MoreWind Turbine Technology: Components, Regulation, and Control
Wind Turbine Technology
Wind Rose
Gives information about the wind speed and frequency of wind blowing from various directions. The length of each spoke around the circle relates to the frequency of time that the wind blows from a particular direction. You can analyze a wind rose to determine the prevailing wind direction and frequency.
Betz Limit
The actual power that is obtainable from a wind turbine is given by:
Cp * Eg * Eb
Where:
- Cp is the coefficient of performance.
- Eg is the generator efficiency
Aircraft Materials, Processes, and Hardware
Aircraft Materials and Processes
Steel Properties and Heat Treatment
(1.2) Elasticity – Deformation disappears.
(1.2) Hardness – Resists abrasion, penetration, and cutting.
(1.3) Loaded parts – Often made of steel.
(1.3) Ferrous materials – Iron as the main component.
(1.5) Best properties with high carbon content – Forging.
(1.5) Firewalls – Often made of stainless steel.
(1.6) Inconel – Used in high-temperature environments.
(1.16) Tempering – Performed after hardening.
(1.16) Why steel is tempered – To
Read MoreElectromechanical Pressure Transducers: Types & Operation
Electromechanical Pressure Elements
They use an elastic mechanical element combined with a transducer that generates an electrical signal. The pressure (P) produces a force on a surface, which causes deformation. This mechanical deformation is converted into an electrical quantity. The most used electrical characteristics are electrical resistance, electrical capacity, and electrical reluctance.
A) Electronic Transmitter Equilibrium Pressure Force
For measuring, the mechanical element exerts a force
Read MoreGeiger-Muller Counter: Principles, Construction & Applications
Geiger-Muller Counter (G.M. Counter)
The Geiger-Muller counter, named after its inventors, evolved from the ionization chamber and is a very efficient and accurate device for counting individual particles. Because the detecting portion is generally in the form of a tube, it is also called a Geiger-Muller tube or G-M tube.
Construction of a Geiger-Muller Counter
- It consists of a hollow metal case enclosed in a thin glass tube. This hollow metal case acts as a cathode.
- A fine tungsten wire is stretched