Electrochemical Accumulators: Types, Parameters & Usage
Electrochemical Accumulators
Electrochemical accumulators store energy. Common types include nickel-cadmium and lead-acid.
Lead-Acid Accumulators
Lead-acid accumulators consist of 2V independent vessels or a 6-cell monoblock (12V total), connected in series. The electrolyte is a diluted sulfuric acid solution (density between 1.1 and 1.30 g/cm³) acting as a conductive element between the battery plates. A single cell has a voltage of 2V (2.6V when loaded, 1.7V when discharged), while a monoblock has
Read MoreIndustrial Sensors: Types, Uses, and Connectivity
Industrial Sensors
There are different types of detectors, all of which have a functioning electronic circuit. Their functions include:
- Detecting items
- Determining position
- Discriminating by size, color, and type of material
- Detecting levels of liquids and solids
Types of Detectors
- Inductive
- Capacitive
- Photoelectric
- Fiber-Optic
Inductive Sensors
- Inductive detectors can detect a target at a close distance (from 0 to 60 mm) without the need for physical contact.
- The target to be detected must be metallic.
- They
Electrical Motors and Control Systems: Types, Operation, and Applications
Three-Phase Asynchronous Motors: Rotor Winding
Three-phase asynchronous motors comprise a stator winding and a rotor winding, star-connected at one end, with three free terminal ends connected to three collector rings. These rings have three brushes that slide across them. The terminals of the brushes are connected to three-phase resistances external to the motor, allowing for regulation of the motor start. This type of motor has been widely used in medium-power applications (above 50 HP), achieving
Read MoreSmart Grids, Electric Vehicles, and Net-Zero Energy Buildings
Smart Grid Concept
A smart grid is an electrical network with a two-way flow of electricity and data. With digital communications technology, it can detect, react, and proactively respond to changes in usage and multiple issues. It features self-healing capabilities and enables electricity customers to become active participants.
Objectives of Smart Grids
- Environmental impact: Reduce consumption peaks with Energy Storage Systems (ESS), integrate renewable energies, and improve efficiency.
- Control systems
Signals, Systems, and Processes: Understanding Their Interactions
A) Signal
A signal can be defined as characteristic information about any physical event that has occurred or is occurring. These include electric, visual, mechanical, electromagnetic, or even analog and discrete signals, among other classifications assigned by the field of study. The importance of a signal is that it can provide valuable information about an uncertain event, thus enabling prediction and even control.
B) System
A system is a set of interrelated elements that interact among themselves
Read MoreElectronic Components: Integrated Circuits, Coils, Transformers, and More
Integrated Circuits (ICs)
An integrated circuit (IC) is a compact semiconductor device, typically a few square millimeters in size. Electronic circuits are fabricated on this semiconductor material, usually via photolithography. The IC is housed within a protective plastic or ceramic package. This package includes the necessary hardware connections to link the chip to a printed circuit board.
Types of Integrated Circuits
Integrated circuits are categorized into three main types:
- Monolithic Circuits: