Von Neumann Architecture and Computer Fundamentals
Von Neumann Architecture
It is standard to store data in memory and execute it in a processor. From there, all computers work this way.
- CPU
- Control Unit (CU): It is in charge of interpreting instructions and managing the machine, generating the necessary signals for operations control.
- Instruction Decoder (ID)
- Clock: Marks the time.
- Selector: Marks the order of instructions and synchronizes with the clock.
- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Its function is to operate the data that it receives preferentially
Stable Feedback and State Estimation Techniques
Stable Feedback: General Case
State: x = Ax + Bu, | x Î Rn, u Î R | |||||||||||
Control: u = –Kx with K =[K1 | K2 | Kn ]1´n | ||||||||||
D | ||||||||||||
+ | ||||||||||||
r | u | + | ̇ | + | y | |||||||
+ | B | ʃ | C | |||||||||
+ | ||||||||||||
Ax | ||||||||||||||||||||
A | ||||||||||||||||||||
K | ||||||||||||||||||||
ì | Figure 14-1. Closed-loop system state diagram. | |||||||||||||||||||
D | ||||||||||||||||||||
ïx | = ( A – BK )x = Afx | , | ||||||||||||||||||
\í | ||||||||||||||||||||
ïA | f | = A – BK ¬closed – loop matrix | ||||||||||||||||||
î | ||||||||||||||||||||
the characteristic polynomial for the closed-loop system is | ||||||||||||||||||||
det(sI – Af ) = det(sI – A + BK ) = 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Let the Design Specification require closed-loop eigenvalues at | –l1,-l2 , ,-ln . | |||||||||||||||||||
\a | c | (s) = (s +l )(s +l | 2 | ) (s +l | n | ) = s n+a | n-1 | s n–1+ +a | s +a | 0 | = 0 | |||||||||
1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
Pole-placement design
Read MoreInduction Motor Formulas: Power, Speed, and Efficiency
Induction Motor Formulas
COSy = R2/R1+SN / %((R1+R2/SN)^2+(X1+X2)^2)
Apparent Power
SN = (%3) * V1L * I1L
Reactive Power
QN = SN * SENy
Active Power
PN = SN * COSy
Motor Input Power
3 * (R2/S) * IF2
If Connected in Delta
IN,F = VF / %((R1 + R2/S)2 + (X1 X2 )2)
IN,F = IN,L = (%3) * IN,F
If Connected in Star
IN,F = VF/(%3) / %((R1 + R2/S)2 + ( X1 + X2 )2)
Efficiency
REND = P2 / (P2 + Pcu,1 + Pcu,2 + PFe + Pm) * 100
Pcu,1 = 3 * R1 * I1F2
Pcu,2 = 3 * R2 * I1F2
PFe = 3 * RFe * I1F2
P1 = (%) * V1,L * I1L * COSy
P2 = PN =
Microcontroller Timers and Pin Configuration
Time Counters
Mode 0: The counter register is configured as 13-bit. When the maximum value transition occurs (THx.7 THx.6 … THx.1 THx.0 TLx.4 TLx.3 … TLx.0) = 1111111111111 to zero, the Interrupt flag is activated (TF0, for x = 0 or TF1, for x = 1). It is similar to Mode 1; however, in this case, the 16 bits of the counter register are used (pair TH/TL, THx.0 TLx.7 with THx.7 … … TLx.0); that is, the Interrupt flag is activated when the transition from FFFFh to 0000h occurs in TH/TL. In a
Read MoreTraffic Engineering Fundamentals: Flow, Speed, and Safety
Traffic Engineering Basics
Traffic Flow Definitions
Volume/Flow: The total count of vehicles passing a specific point on a road within a given timeframe. This can be measured annually, daily, hourly, or in shorter intervals, typically expressed in vehicles per hour [v/h] or vehicles per day [v/d].
Volume represents the actual number of vehicles observed or predicted to pass a point during a set period.
Road Capacity: The maximum traffic volume a roadway can handle using all available lanes, usually
Read MorePower Amplifiers: Types, Functions, and Key Features
What is the Function of a Power Amplifier?
The function of a power amplifier is to amplify an input signal applied to it, typically a few hundred millivolts from the preamplifier, to a signal of a considerable level, a few tens of watts, to vibrate the speaker membrane.
Define the Volume Control
The volume control adjusts the output power or volume developed by the speaker.
What is the Excitatory Stage?
The excitatory stage is a second stage of voltage preamplifiers, and its principal role is to raise
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