Road Freight Transportation Regulations
Road Transport
Definitions
Passenger and Goods Transport
The transport of passengers and goods using moving vehicles without a fixed track and no fixed energy capture. This applies to all classes of urban and interurban roadways, both public and private, when the transport is public.
Bus or Coach
Bus: A motor vehicle designed for carrying passengers and, potentially, baggage or commissions, with a capacity exceeding 9 seats, including the driver. Commonly used for public transport with fixed routes,
Read MoreBasic Concepts of Electricity and Electronics
Fundamentals
Insulator
An insulator is a material that resists the flow of electric current.
Conductor
A conductor facilitates the flow of electrons.
Electrical Resistance
If the electrical resistance is high, it hinders the passage of electron flow. Conversely, if it’s low, it facilitates the flow.
Electric Current
Electric current is the flow of charge per unit of time that passes through a material. It is due to the movement of electrons inside the material.
Direct Current (DC)
Direct current (DC) is the
Read MoreUnderstanding Data Transmission Mediums: Twisted Pair, Coaxial, Fiber Optics, and Wireless
1. Twisted Pair Cable
Twisted pair cable consists of two conductors, usually copper, each with its own plastic insulation, twisted together. One cable carries signals to the receiver, and the other acts as a signal ground reference. Twisting the cables helps balance the impact of interference and noise, as it ensures both cables are equally affected by external sources.
Types of Copper Twisted Pair
- UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair): The most common type, lacking additional shielding.
- FTP (Foiled Twisted
From Abacus to Modern Computers: A History of Computing
1. From Abacus to the First Computers
The Abacus
The oldest calculating device, the abacus, gets its name from the Greek word “abakos,” meaning “flat.” Its origins date back to the 5th century BC. Composed of a set of wires with beads strung on them, it represented units, tens, and so on.
The Pascaline
Mathematician Blaise Pascal created the Pascaline, an arithmetical machine, to assist his father with calculations. Its operation relied on rotating gears, marked from 0 to 9, which advanced with each
Read MoreUrban Street Design: Pedestrian & Vehicle Space Optimization
Street and Pedestrian Space: Urban design should prioritize both pedestrian and vehicle mobility. Street treatments must maintain pedestrian continuities, avoiding isolated interventions. Pedestrian routes should accommodate diverse activities, creating versatile and adaptable spaces. These spaces should be comfortable, safe, and environmentally suitable.
Pedestrians require a minimum of 0.60 meters of space on a sidewalk. Recommended widths are:
- 1 person: 0.75 m
- 1 person with a stroller: 0.90 m
- 2
Understanding Video Cameras: A Guide to their Components
The Video Camera
Optical Block
The optical system of a video camera is similar to that of any other camera. Key elements found in ENG (Electronic News Gathering) or EFP (Electronics Field Production) cameras include:
Diaphragm or Iris:
This has automatic and manual settings, often with remote control capabilities. Manual mode usually involves a key or button to switch between manual and automatic.Zoom:
Zoom can be automatic (with wide-angle ‘W’ and telephoto ‘T’ positions) or manual, controlled by