Pressure and Temperature Measurement Instruments
Pressure Gauges
A gauge is an instrument used for measuring fluid pressure, typically the difference between fluid pressure and local mechanical pressure. Pressure is defined as the force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas perpendicular to a surface.
U-Tube Manometer
 | Pressure gauges are instruments designed to measure pressure. A traditional method for accurate pressure measurement involves a U-shaped glass tube containing a liquid of known density. Mercury is commonly used for high-pressure |
Industrial Automation: Control, Switching, and Protection Devices
Automatism is a system that controls a single machine or production process, reducing human intervention. Commonly used devices include sectioning, switching, and protection devices.
Sectioning Devices: These isolate a part of the network electrically for maintenance. Examples include disconnectors, switches, and circuit breakers or contactors.
Switching Devices: These establish or interrupt the power supply to receptors automatically or remotely. Examples include electromagnetic contactors, relays,
Read MoreAnalog and Digital Television Transmission Systems
Analog Television Process
- Capture
- Registration
- Production
- Transportation (Tx)
- Reception (Rx)
Digital Television Process
- Recording
- Production
- Transportation (Tx)
- Reception (Rx)
Digital Transmission Mediums
- Satellite
- Cable
- Web
- Terrestrial Transmission
Advantages of Digital Transmission
- Efficient Bandwidth Administration
- Increased Noise Immunity (Tx)
- Component Video Transmission
- Increased Horizontal Resolution (Double Resolution)
- Progressive Scan Capability
- Increased Vertical Color Resolution
- HDTV Possibility
- Data and Other
Electric Motor Fundamentals
Electric Motors
Motor Classification by Current Type
Electric motors are categorized based on the type of current they use:
- DC motors
- AC motors
- Universal motors (compatible with both AC and DC)
DC Motor Classification by Excitation
DC motors are further classified by their excitation method:
- Independent excitation
- Series excitation
- Shunt excitation
- Compound excitation
- Permanent magnet excitation
AC Motor Classification
AC motors are classified based on several factors:
- Speed: Synchronous or asynchronous
- Rotor type:
Computer Networks: A Deep Dive
1. Company Network Needs
- Marketing: Negative impact.
- Banking: Control finances remotely. Positive impact.
- Competition Monitoring: Positive impact.
- Framework Expansion: Positive impact.
- Communication: Sending and receiving requests. Positive impact.
- Social Interaction: Reduced face-to-face contact. Negative impact.
- Productivity and Costs: Increased productivity and cost savings. Positive impact.
- Network Printing: Shared printing resources. Positive impact.
- Network Setup: Requires a well-maintained network.
Precision Measurement Techniques and Instruments
Interferometry
Interferometry is a measurement technique using light wave interference to measure minute differences in length, displacement, or surface irregularities. It relies on the wave nature of light to produce interference patterns, allowing for extremely precise measurements.
Laser Interferometer
Principle: Laser interferometers use coherent laser light to create an interference pattern, detecting displacement or distance changes with high accuracy.
Working:
- A laser beam is split into two using