Core Concepts in Linguistics: Grammar, Phonology, and Morphology
Chomsky’s Dichotomy: Competence and Performance
As a start, language has a dichotomy; it can be divided into competence and performance according to Chomsky’s framework. Competence refers to a psychological system, not a set of conventions in a community of speakers. It is the individual speaker’s knowledge of their system. Performance is the actual use of language.
This suggests that the ability to make judgments of grammaticality is one thing, and performance is another. The former depends on competence.
Read MoreAntonio Machado: Poetic Evolution and Literary Context
Context of the Poetic Work
D. Antonio Machado Ruiz was born in Seville in 1875 and died in Collioure on 22 February 1939.
Machado had a bohemian youth, during which he frequented artistic circles in Spain and Paris. In Paris, he met Jean Moréas, prophet of Symbolism, and later, Rubén Darío. His subsequent stay in Soria as a professor was crucial in his life and poetry. There, he met his wife, Leonor Izquierdo. The landscape of Soria and the memory of Leonor had a permanent reflection on Machado’
Read MoreSpanish Literary Movements: Generations ’27 and ’98
The Generation of ’27: Features and Authors
Key Features of the Generation of ’27
- Tradition and Modernism: They sought new forms of poetry while maintaining admiration for tradition, including Góngora’s poetic language, the classics, and popular forms like the romance.
- Aesthetic Intention: They aimed to achieve beauty primarily through imagery, striving to eliminate any element from the poem deemed non-beautiful.
- Themes: They focused particularly on human affairs, including love, death, fate, folklore,
Textuality Standards and Discourse Analysis Fundamentals
De Beaugrande & Dressler’s Text Standards
De Beaugrande and Dressler’s standards for text analysis include:
- Intentionality, Acceptability, Informativity, Situationality, Intertextuality, Appropriateness, Effectiveness, and Efficiency.
- Related linguistic features: Modality, parallelism, partial repetition, the use of conjunctions, frequency adverbs, repetition, and pronouns.
Fries Framework for Text Analysis
- Contextual configuration
- Generic structure
- Cohesive harmony
- Social values
Seven Standards of Textuality
- Cohesion:
Medieval Era: History, Characteristics, and Literary Figures
The Middle Ages: Definition and Scope
The Middle Ages is a historical period beginning in 476 AD, marked by the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and concluding in 1492, the date of the discovery of America.
Key Areas of Study in the Medieval Era
- Medieval Society
- Cultural Periods (High and Late Middle Ages)
- Literary Expressions
- The Middle Ages in Spain
Cultural Periods and Social Structures
Within the cultural periods, we distinguish:
- High Middle Ages: Often associated with the rise of feudalism and courtly/
Academic Essay Writing: Structure and Linking Devices
Effective Connectors for Academic Essays
Use the following linking devices based on the type of essay you are writing. Note that many connectors are suitable for both Opinion and For and Against essays.
Connectors for Opinion Essays
Expressing Personal Opinion
- I certainly believe that…
- I am certain that…
- To my mind, there is no question that…
- I am convinced that…
- It has long been my feeling that…
- Without doubt.
- As far as I am concerned…
- I believe there is no evidence to support…
- I cannot agree