Essential English Vocabulary: Phrasal Verbs & Expressions
Unit 3
Phrasal Verbs: Learning and Thinking
- back up (sth) (phr v) → To make a copy of information on a computer that is stored separately.
- face up (to) (phr v) → To accept that a difficult situation exists.
- focus (on) (phr v) → To give a lot of attention to one particular subject.
- get in (phr v) → To succeed in getting a place on a course, especially at university or college.
- mix up (sth) (phr v) → To mistake someone or something for someone or something else.
- think over (phr v) → To consider
Key Concepts in Linguistics, Literature, and History
Historical Periods Overview
Middle Ages
Started around the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
- 12th Century: Characterized by early religious, legal, and historical texts.
- 12th-14th Centuries: Period marked by major diseases (like the Black Death).
Modern Age
- 16th Century: Renaissance (meaning “rebirth”).
- 17th Century: Baroque, Neoclassicism, and the Enlightenment (Age of Illustration).
- Note: The Renaissance period varied regionally (e.g., Catalonia, Spain, wider Europe).
Compound Sentence Types (Coordination)
Read MoreTom Sawyer’s Adventures: Key Plot Points and Analysis
Key Plot Points in Tom Sawyer’s Adventures
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Why was the cat’s bones important evidence in Potter’s favor?
They proved that Tom was right about what had happened in the graveyard. Tom carried a dead cat and witnessed the events.
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Why didn’t Huck have the same cause to fear?
Because Joe didn’t know that Huck was with Tom that night.
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Where do you think Tom got his ideas about hidden treasure?
I think he got his ideas when he went to the island and became a ‘pirate,’ because pirates always look for treasure.
Matthew Arnold: Victorian Criticism and Cultural Renewal
Victorian Criticism: Matthew Arnold
The Victorian period took place in the 19th century. We should differentiate between the intellectual period and the reign of Queen Victoria. The intellectual period was shorter, marked by new ways of thinking. Romanticism, an early 19th-century affair, and its sentimentalism served as the epistemological base for Victorianism.
Victorianism can be generally characterized as a period of doubt and hesitation. It was a period of change and an acceleration of history.
Read MoreJournalistic Genres: Information, Opinion, and Mixed Styles
Journalistic Genres
There are three main journalistic genres, categorized by their primary function:
- Information Genres: (News, reports, and interviews) Primarily focused on conveying information.
- Opinion Genres: (Editorials, articles, and letters to the editor) Primarily focused on expressing opinions.
- Mixed Genres: (Chronicles and criticism) Combining information and opinion.
Information Genres
The news story is defined as an objective, impersonal account of newsworthy events, free from the reporter’
Read MoreUnderstanding Nasal and Fricative Sounds in Phonetics
Understanding Nasal and Fricative Sounds
/m/ Voiced, Nasal, Bilabial
The air coming from the lungs passes through the larynx. At this moment, the vocal folds are closed. The pressure of the air causes them to open, allowing air to pass through. As the air pressure decreases, the vocal folds close again, returning to the initial closed position. This process results in continuous vibration of the vocal folds.
As the air exits, it encounters an obstacle in the oral cavity because the soft palate (velum)
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