Key Concepts in Linguistics, Literature, and History

Historical Periods Overview

Middle Ages

Started around the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

  • 12th Century: Characterized by early religious, legal, and historical texts.
  • 12th-14th Centuries: Period marked by major diseases (like the Black Death).

Modern Age

  • 16th Century: Renaissance (meaning “rebirth”).
  • 17th Century: Baroque, Neoclassicism, and the Enlightenment (Age of Illustration).
  • Note: The Renaissance period varied regionally (e.g., Catalonia, Spain, wider Europe).

Compound Sentence Types (Coordination)

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Tom Sawyer’s Adventures: Key Plot Points and Analysis

Key Plot Points in Tom Sawyer’s Adventures

  1. Why was the cat’s bones important evidence in Potter’s favor?

    They proved that Tom was right about what had happened in the graveyard. Tom carried a dead cat and witnessed the events.

  2. Why didn’t Huck have the same cause to fear?

    Because Joe didn’t know that Huck was with Tom that night.

  3. Where do you think Tom got his ideas about hidden treasure?

    I think he got his ideas when he went to the island and became a ‘pirate,’ because pirates always look for treasure.

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Matthew Arnold: Victorian Criticism and Cultural Renewal

Victorian Criticism: Matthew Arnold

The Victorian period took place in the 19th century. We should differentiate between the intellectual period and the reign of Queen Victoria. The intellectual period was shorter, marked by new ways of thinking. Romanticism, an early 19th-century affair, and its sentimentalism served as the epistemological base for Victorianism.

Victorianism can be generally characterized as a period of doubt and hesitation. It was a period of change and an acceleration of history.

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Journalistic Genres: Information, Opinion, and Mixed Styles

Journalistic Genres

There are three main journalistic genres, categorized by their primary function:

  • Information Genres: (News, reports, and interviews) Primarily focused on conveying information.
  • Opinion Genres: (Editorials, articles, and letters to the editor) Primarily focused on expressing opinions.
  • Mixed Genres: (Chronicles and criticism) Combining information and opinion.

Information Genres

The news story is defined as an objective, impersonal account of newsworthy events, free from the reporter’

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Understanding Nasal and Fricative Sounds in Phonetics

Understanding Nasal and Fricative Sounds

/m/ Voiced, Nasal, Bilabial

The air coming from the lungs passes through the larynx. At this moment, the vocal folds are closed. The pressure of the air causes them to open, allowing air to pass through. As the air pressure decreases, the vocal folds close again, returning to the initial closed position. This process results in continuous vibration of the vocal folds.

As the air exits, it encounters an obstacle in the oral cavity because the soft palate (velum)

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The Enlightenment: Ideas, Figures, and Impact

The Enlightenment: An Overview

The Enlightenment, sometimes referred to as the Age of Reason, was a confluence of ideas and activities that took place throughout the eighteenth century in Western Europe, England, and the American colonies.

Enlightenment supporters believed that the advances of science and industry proclaimed a new age of progress for humankind.

Centuries of customs and traditions were brushed aside in favor of exploration, individualism, tolerance, and scientific determination. The

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