Essential Rules for English Modals and Noun Classification
Modals Expressing Certainty and Speculation
- We use modals and modal-like expressions to express different degrees of certainty.
- Use must / have got to + base form when you are not speculating about the present. (FALSE)
- To make a negative speculation (deduction), use can’t / couldn’t + base form.
- Use must not + base form when you are slightly more certain. (FALSE)
- In questions, use could / couldn’t + base form.
- Use may / might / could + base form when you are speculating about the present and are less
Alberto Fuguet’s Sobredosis: Chilean Youth and 90s Culture
Abstract: Sobredosis (Overdose)
Sobredosis (Overdose), a collection of stories by Alberto Fuguet published in 1990, is a seminal work that awakened Chilean literature from a deep sleep. It challenged more than one circumspect critic with its themes: the excess of marijuana and the scribbles reflecting the youth of neoliberal Chile in the late 1980s.
The collection features five powerful stories reflecting the indifference of Chilean adolescents toward the military government of the day. Simultaneously,
Read MoreScotland’s Major Cities: Culture, History, and Attractions
Edinburgh: Festivals and Hogmanay Celebrations
In August, thousands of people come to the Edinburgh Festival. At the festival, you can see and do hundreds of different things, including:
- Singing and dancing
- Cinema and theatre performances
- Book readings and picture exhibitions
Also in August, every evening for three weeks, you can attend the Edinburgh Military Tattoo at Edinburgh Castle. There you can see soldiers and hear music from Scotland and from lots of other countries.
On 31 December, everyone wants
Read MoreDetermine Word Meaning Using Context Clues
Instructions for Vocabulary Analysis
Read each sentence and determine the meaning of the bolded word using context clues or your prior knowledge. Then, explain what clues in the sentence helped you determine the word meaning.
1. Degrade
Sentence: Suzie’s mother taught her to never let anyone degrade her, so now she demands respect in all of her relationships.
Definition:
To lower someone’s value or social position.
What clues in the sentence led you to your definition?This is the opposite of respecting |
Discover Cieza, Murcia: Travel Tips and Must-See Attractions
Cieza, Murcia: Attractions and Communication Examples
Letter 1: Cieza Highlights (Laura to Pepe)
Hi Pepe,
It was great to hear from you about your plans to visit Spain! Sorry I haven’t written before, but I’ve been really busy these days.
I’m glad to know that you’re thinking about coming to Cieza – that’s awesome!
About your question, let me tell you a bit about what you can see and do here.
Nature and History in Cieza
Cieza is a beautiful town in the region of Murcia, famous especially for
Read MoreEssential Rules for Reported Speech, Conditionals, and Verbals
Reported Speech: Commands, Requests, and Suggestions
1. Reported Commands
When reporting a command, we typically use the verbs “tell” or “order,” followed by the infinitive form of the verb.
Structure for Commands
- Direct Speech: Imperative + Object
- Reported Speech: Subject + told / ordered + Object + to + Verb
Examples
- Direct Speech: “Close the door!”
- Reported Speech: He told me to close the door.
2. Reported Requests
For requests, we often use “ask” or “request,” and the structure remains similar to that
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