Business Entity Tax Comparison: S-Corp, C-Corp, & LLC
Key Factors in Choosing a Business Tax Entity
Qualified Business Income (QBI) Deduction
- Provides a 20% deduction on qualified business income.
- Available for S-Corporations and Partnerships (pass-through entities).
- Not available for C-Corporations.
- Subject to income thresholds (e.g., for 2024: $191,950 for single filers and $383,900 for joint filers), above which the deduction may be limited or phased out.
Self-Employment (SE) Taxes
- Tax Base: Net earnings from self-employment * 0.9235.
- Rates: 12.4% for Social
Financial Markets & Investment Concepts: Core Principles
1. Efficient Market Hypothesis: Strong Form & Abnormal Returns
According to the strong form of the efficient market hypothesis, which of the following activities can still generate abnormal returns?
- a) Technical analysis
- b) Fundamental analysis
- c) Insider trading
- d) Active asset management
- e) None of the above
Since strong form efficiency implies all information (public and private) is already incorporated in prices, none of the above activities can generate abnormal returns.
2. Security Market Line
Read MoreFixed Income Markets: Trading & Portfolio Strategies
The Secondary Bond Market Explained
The secondary market refers to all bond transactions that take place after the bond’s initial settlement in the primary market and before its maturity, early redemption, or cancellation. Unlike equity markets, which have long operated with high levels of organization and transparency, fixed income markets have traditionally been more opaque, especially in terms of price discovery and trade reporting. However, since the financial crisis of 2008-2012, regulation
Read MoreEssential Financial & Accounting Terms Defined
Essential Financial & Accounting Terms
Accounting Function
Summarizing economic transactions.
Aging Schedule
Classification of accounts receivable by time outstanding.
American Option
An option that can be exercised at any time before its expiration date.
Annuity
An asset that pays a fixed sum each year for a specified number of years.
Authorized Share Capital
The maximum number of shares that a company is permitted to issue, as specified in the firm’s articles of incorporation.
Banker’s Acceptance
An
Read MoreFinancial Fundamentals: Assets, Statements, and Investment Appraisal
Key Financial Definitions
Current Assets
Assets that can be turned into cash within one operating cycle.
Non-Current Assets
Assets that cannot be liquidated quickly.
Company Creation & Financing
To establish a company, it’s essential to determine the required amount of assets and the necessary sources of long-term financing.
Operating Cycle
The process of converting investment in inventory (stocks) back into cash.
Average Period
The duration of the operating cycle; the time it takes for a firm to convert
Read MoreIndian Financial System: Evolution, Digital Payments, and Retail Banking
A Financial System Defined
A financial system is a complex network of institutions, markets, instruments, and services that facilitate the transfer of funds from savers (surplus units) to investors (deficit units) for productive purposes. It plays a crucial role in the economic development of a country by channeling savings into investments, thereby fostering capital formation, economic growth, and employment generation.
The Evolution of the Indian Financial System
The evolution of the Indian Financial
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