India’s Biodiversity: Conservation and Challenges
Flora and Fauna in India: A Delicate Balance
Humans, along with all living organisms, form a complex web of ecological systems. We are only a part of this system and very much dependent on it for our own existence. For example, plants, animals, and microorganisms recreate the quality of the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the soil that produces our food, without which we cannot survive. Forests play a key role in the ecological system as they are also the primary producers on which all other
Read MoreBarbarian Kingdoms & Rise of Commercial Bourgeoisie
The Formation of the Barbarian Kingdoms and the End of the Western Empire
Long before the final fall of the Western Roman Empire, Romans and barbarians were forced to coexist, a situation largely dictated by circumstances. This uneasy coexistence laid the groundwork for the future Germanic kingdoms in Western Europe, which were formed when the Empire finally fell in 476 AD.
Many of these barbarian peoples admired the culture, political, and social organization of the Romans, viewing them as a powerful
Read MoreEnvironmental Challenges: Threats and Solutions
Posidonia and Caulerpa
Caulerpa: Invasive plant, aggressive towards fauna and flora.
Posidonia: Mediterranean marine plant.
Factors Influencing Human Impact
- Population
- Technology
- Energy
- Consumption
Main Threats to the Environment
- Air pollution
- Water pollution
- Excessive resource use
- Deforestation
- Endangered species
- Erosion and desertification
Preventing Environmental Degradation
- Sustainable development: Balance between growth and conservation.
- Protecting spaces with great ecological value.
- Prevention of damage by
Spain’s Shipping and Air Transport: Key Aspects & Challenges
Shipping in Spain
A) Port Network Structure
The port network is divided between the state and autonomous communities. The state controls major commercial ports, while autonomous communities manage numerous smaller ports, often focused on fishing and sports.
B) Passenger vs. Freight Traffic
Passenger traffic contrasts sharply with freight traffic:
- Passenger traffic is relatively scarce. Internal traffic is limited to important routes across the Strait.
- Cabotage traffic primarily transports petroleum products
Earth’s History and the Geologic Time Scale
Chapter 12: Earth’s History
Geologic Time Scale
Know the order and absolute (numerical) ages of the geologic eons (Precambrian and Phanerozoic).
- Precambrian Eon: 4.6 billion to 542 million years ago
- Phanerozoic Eon: 542 million years ago to present
Precambrian Eon (Archean and Proterozoic)
The Precambrian, comprising the Archean and Proterozoic Eons, spans almost 90% of Earth’s history.
- Formation of stable continental crust
- Assembly of cratons (cores of modern continents)
Phanerozoic Eon
Paleozoic Era: Life
Read MorePre-Roman, Roman, Visigoth, and Muslim Spain
Pre-Roman Peoples
In the 5th century BC, the Iberian Peninsula was divided into two distinct cultural areas: Celtic and Iberian. The Iberians, located on the coast, were a group of people that arose due to changes produced by colonizers’ industrial Mediterranean influence. Their economy relied on agriculture, livestock, ceramics, metallurgy, mining, and trade. They used currency, and their social structure was hierarchical, living in walled villages. They understood writing. The Celts, in the north
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