Spain’s Late 19th Century Challenges & Industrial Age Shifts
Spain’s Late 19th Century Political Challenges
Key Problems of the Restoration Era
Oligarchism and Caciquism
This system involved the manipulation of election results by local governors or social leaders (caciques). Methods included vote buying, arbitrary restrictions on suffrage, and other forms of coercion. This led to the marginalization of other political parties, such as Democrats, Republicans, Carlists, and Socialists, as the two main parties effectively controlled elections through these oligarchic
Spanish Agriculture & Aquaculture: Livestock, Fisheries, and Key Concepts
Aquaculture in Spain
In Spain, two-thirds of aquaculture production is private, with the remaining third being public. There is one essential difference between them: private production is typically geared towards human consumption, while public aquaculture focuses its activity towards egg production and/or fingerlings for restocking.
Freshwater Aquaculture
Private fish farms primarily focus their production on rainbow trout, as it is the species that best breeds and reproduces in captivity. An estimated
Read MoreOld Regime to Liberalism: Key Transformations in Spanish History
The Old Regime vs. Liberalism: A Comparative Analysis
Political Systems
- Old Regime: Sovereignty of the king, divine origin, absolute power. Systems: absolute monarchy, enlightened despotism.
- Liberalism: National sovereignty, constitution, separation of powers. System: parliamentary monarchy, republic.
Social Structures
- Old Regime: Stratified society, separation by birth. Privileged nobility and clergy, unprivileged common people (Third Estate).
- Liberalism: Class society, separation according to wealth.
Urban Planning & Geographic Concepts
Agglomeration
A collection of urban settlements or areas. The boundaries between urban and rural are not always clear, but can be defined using three criteria: quantitative, qualitative, and psychological.
Metropolitan Area
An area which contains at least one city of 50,000 inhabitants, in addition to administrative divisions where more than two-thirds of their contiguous population is engaged in non-agricultural activities, or has a population density of at least half that of the urban core, or at
Global Trade and Transport Dynamics
Key Economic Definitions
Trade Fundamentals
Trade: Consists of the purchase and sale of goods to satisfy the needs of the population.
Trade Balance: The difference between what a country sells abroad (exports) and what it buys from other countries (imports).
Balance of Payments: A record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world, encompassing material goods, financial services, and resources.
Information and Movement
Information Flow: Has become widespread with the advent
Read MoreSpain’s Economic and Social Evolution (1833-1875)
Economic and Social Transformation (1833-1875)
The Spanish Economy and Society
The evolution of the Spanish economy was characterized by its position, distinct from the industrialization processes seen in other European countries. This was largely due to the backwardness of Spanish agriculture, stemming from poor land quality and challenging weather conditions. Furthermore, liberal land reforms, including confiscations (desamortizaciones) and expropriations, consolidated private property. While these
Read More