Agricultural and Livestock Transformations: Production and Challenges
The Agricultural Business
Traditional agriculture relied on polyculture and extensive farming, which were labor-intensive and resulted in low yields for self-consumption. Modern agriculture has undergone significant transformations, increasing yields and production for market sale.
a) Changes in Agricultural Structure:
- Specialization: Agriculture tends to specialize.
- Modern Techniques: Incorporation of increased mechanization (tractors, harvesters). Pesticide and fertilizer consumption has increased.
Spain’s Transportation and Communication Infrastructure
Rail Transport
Specifications
Part of the tracks and equipment has been modernized and is safer. However, there are still poor stretches without access ways, with pending issues or rodeos.
Regional Imbalances
There are clear regional imbalances. The tracks and equipment are mostly in economically dynamic areas (Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao, Valencia). In other regions, there are deficient infrastructure accessibility. The focus is on areas traversed by the AVE and the radial axis of the core network, with
Read MoreGlobal Trade: Energy, Agriculture, Manufacturing, and Labor
**The Flows of Global Trade**
**4.1 Energy Products**
The energy market is currently dominated by hydrocarbons (natural gas, petroleum, and its derivatives). The USA has to import oil because of its consumption, which puts it in competition with China in the oil market. They dominate the market. The trade of energy is equivalent to 10% of the world trade, and its strategic importance is such that states consider it a priority, both from an economic point of view and for security. Oil-importing countries,
Read MoreSpanish Agriculture and Land Use: Production, Landscapes, and Challenges
Spanish Agriculture and Land Use
Cultivation of cereal and the vine
b) Changes in agricultural production: accounts for 57.1% of final agricultural production and has experienced changes in its various components:
a. Cereals occupy 37% of cultivated land. That destined for human consumption (wheat and rice) are losing ground to use as feed for livestock or compound feed manufacture (barley, corn, oats, and rye). The area is dryland cropping of the peninsular.
B. Legumes: Intended for use in green or
Read MoreThe Ancien Régime: Society, Economy, and Enlightenment
The Ancien Régime: Society and Economy
Population Dynamics in the Ancien Régime
The Ancien Régime was characterized by a stagnant society and a population adhering to the old demographic cycle. High mortality rates were prevalent due to malnutrition, inadequate sanitation, and limited medical resources. Consequently, life expectancy was notably low, although birth and fertility rates remained high. During periods of economic prosperity, population growth outpaced food production, leading to subsistence
Read MoreKey Demographic Concepts and Population Trends in Spain
Key Demographic Concepts
Census: The individual count of a country’s population at a given time.
Real Population Growth: The sum of natural growth and net migration.
Demography: The science that quantitatively analyzes population using data obtained from various demographic sources.
Population Density: The ratio of population to surface area in km2.
Life Expectancy: Relates the number of years lived by all members of a population to the number of individuals making up that population.
Population Structure:
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