Spanish Industrialization: A Historical Analysis

Industrialization in Spain

Stages of Industrialization (1850-Present)

1. Beginning of Industrialization (1850-1900)

Causes of Slow Growth:

  • Low Population & Purchasing Power: Limited domestic demand hindered industrial expansion.
  • Delayed Industrial Process: Lack of raw materials, energy sources, technological and scientific backwardness, lack of capital, political unrest, the War of Independence, the Carlist Wars, regime changes, and the loss of colonies all contributed to delays.
  • Minifundismo: Small-
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Agricultural Terms: Latifundio, Fishing, and More

Agricultural Terms Explained

Latifundio

A latifundio is a large land ownership, traditionally characterized by absentee ownership, extensive cultivation, low yields, and a large number of laborers facing severe seasonal unemployment and illiteracy.

Smallholder

Smallholder refers to small properties or farms. This can prevent competitive agriculture and tends to disappear or be mitigated through land consolidation policies.

Deep Sea Fishing

Deep sea fishing takes place in waters with fishing boats and

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Key Agricultural Terms: CAP, LEADER, and More

Key Agricultural Terms and Concepts

LEADER: European Project started in 1991 for rural areas affected by the conversion generated by the CAP. It provides grants to create innovative solutions targeted at areas that can serve as models to other areas.

CAP (Common Agricultural Policy): Established by the EU to place their products in international markets, moving from a situation of supply to another large surplus.

Maastricht Treaty: The EU Treaty which entered into force in 1993. In it, the European

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Key Factors Influencing Agricultural Spaces

Physical Factors of Agricultural Fields

  • Sunny and Shady Slopes: Slope orientation affects sunlight exposure, influencing crop suitability.
  • Rainfall: Optimal rainfall ranges between 900mm and 1200mm for many crops.
  • Thermal Gradient: Temperature decreases approximately 6°C for every 100m increase in altitude.
  • Wind Exposure: Strong winds can damage crops.
  • Slope Inclination: Flat or gently sloping surfaces are easier to farm.
  • Adverse Weather: Events like hail can cause catastrophic damage to crops.
  • Soil:
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Urban Areas: Definitions and Concepts

Key Urban Concepts and Definitions

Peri-urban or Suburban Area

An area with unclear boundaries, characterized by a mixture of rural lifestyles and the city.

Metropolitan Area

A large urban sprawl surrounding a major city, covering several municipalities with significant economic and social relations.

Historic Old Town

The urbanized part of a city from its origin to the 19th-century industrialization.

City

A population center of over 10,000 inhabitants (in Spain). It is characterized by a high density of

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Mining, Energy Sources, and Industrial Production

What is Mining?

Mining is not only the extraction of raw materials (minerals) but also their treatment.

Types of Mining

There are several types of mining, including:

  • Open-cast mine: The mineral is close to the surface.
  • Underground mine: Minerals are deep below the Earth’s surface.
  • Wells: Petroleum and natural gas are extracted through a vertical shaft.
  • Seabed mine: Big companies explore the seabed with vehicles operated by remote control from a boat above the mine. They search for metals such as manganese,
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