Population Dynamics: Fertility, Mortality, and Migration
Population, Gender, and Age Distribution, Mobility
Background: Populations can change through three processes: fertility, mortality, and migration.
Gender Distribution
- Masculinity Index (sex ratio): Number of males per 100 females = M/100 F
- Femininity Index (sex ratio): Number of females per 100 males = F/100 M
- In the Czech Republic:
- MI is highest in newborns = 105M/100F
- MI 35-40 years = 100M/100F
- MI 80 years = 50M/100F
Age Distribution
Biological Criteria – 3 Generations
- Children (pre-reproductive): 0-14
Spain’s 17th-Century Crisis: Population, Economy & Society
Spain in the 17th Century: Crisis and Change
After the 16th-century demographic crisis, Spain faced a severe crisis in the 17th century, with the population concentrated in rural areas. The causes of this population decline included:
- Plague epidemics (1597, 1647, 1676).
- Poor harvests.
- The expulsion of the Moors in 1609.
- Economic difficulties that led to emigration.
The Spanish population increased on the periphery. This demographic crisis triggered a major economic crisis. Exports to America demanded
Read MoreAncient Spain: From Atapuerca to the Visigothic Kingdom
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Atapuerca:
Atapuerca is a significant deposit located in the province of Burgos, where the oldest human fossils in Europe have been discovered. These fossils date back approximately one million years. The fossils belong to relatives of the African Homo habilis and a new species called Homo antecessor. Alongside the fossils, instruments and tools have been found, providing insights into how these early humans lived. This highlights the value of these deposits.
Altamira:
The Cave of Altamira, located
Read MoreIndustrial Revolution: Cotton, Coal, Trade & Social Impact
The Cotton Industry in England
The cotton industry was mainly located in North West England, around Bolton, Manchester, and Liverpool. Cotton exports increased substantially between 1820 and 1840, particularly to Latin America, Europe, and the West Indies.
Coal and Metallurgy
Large amounts of coal were required in the metallurgy process and to power the machines. The metallurgy factories were therefore built close to coal mines to create a shorter supply line.
Economic Freedom and Labor
Economic freedom
Read MoreSpain’s Agricultural Production and Crop Diversity
Diversification of Rural Activities: Agricultural Use
Agricultural supplies represent 56% of total income from agriculture and have experienced great changes in the last 40 years. The fact that the cultivated area is decreasing every day, and production is higher, is explained by the scientific and technical improvements introduced and by the increased size of farms.
Cereals
They are the most widespread crop in Spain and are second in value only to vegetables. The main cereals and their production
Read MoreCrown of Aragon Expansion & Catholic Kings’ Unification of Spain
The Crown of Aragon’s Mediterranean Expansion
The expansion of the Crown of Aragon in the Mediterranean was due to balanced development. Agricultural surpluses led to abundant capital, establishing a strong currency and fostering business and commercial crafts, alongside social stability.
The monarchy established a territorial economic empire in the Mediterranean based on long-distance trade, an international legal apparatus, and military conquest. Trade focused on eastern Mediterranean routes, with
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