Colonial India: Urban Transformation and Merchant Power
Urban Conditions During Colonial Rule
Q. 9 What was the condition of the cities during the colonial rule in India?
- A new class of laborers and workers was emerging. Rural laborers were migrating to the cities for employment, attracted by the opportunities and city life.
- Colonial rulers conducted surveys, collecting statistical data and publishing governmental reports periodically.
- The maps of Madras (Chennai), Bombay (Mumbai), and Calcutta (Kolkata) differed significantly from older maps. The architecture
Migration Patterns: Spanish Emigration and Foreign Immigration
Emigration to Europe
Until the mid-twentieth century, emigration was scarce and seasonal, primarily from the Levantine region to France. It consisted of farmers, construction workers, domestic maids, and political refugees from the Civil War.
Peak Emigration (1950-1973)
The period between 1950 and 1973 marked the highest peak of emigration to Europe. This was largely permanent emigration due to various factors:
- European Side: Rapid economic reconstruction after World War II created a broad range of
Spanish Agricultural Regions: A Comprehensive Analysis
Spanish Agricultural Regions
1. Wet Spain
Wet Spain features a landscape of small farms and a scattered population (Bocage) primarily devoted to cattle farming. The cultivated area is relatively small. Polyculture was traditionally practiced in small gardens in areas of Galicia, along with vine cultivation. Less fertile areas were used for barley and rye. Today, the main focus is livestock, primarily for dairy production, utilizing the large meadows in this area. Wine production has also increased
Read MoreSpain’s Climate Zones: Atlantic, Mediterranean, Interior & More
1. Coastal Atlantic Climate
Location
It is on the coastal Atlantic coast, including Spain.
Features
- Abundant rainfall, exceeding 1000mm per year, spread throughout the year, with maximum rainfall registered in winter and minimum in summer.
- Low temperature variation, with mild winters and slightly warmer summers.
Types
Oceanic Climate
It is typical of the north coast and the coast of Galicia. It is the rainiest, and temperatures are more gentle towards the west.
South Atlantic Climate
It is typical of the
Renewable & Non-Renewable Energy: An In-Depth Look
Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Sources
Renewable energy sources are those that are not exhausted or are inexhaustible, such as solar, tidal, wind, and biomass energy. They are also called “soft” energy sources because they are non-polluting.
Non-renewable energy sources are those that are finite, as their presence in nature is limited. Examples include coal, oil, gas, and nuclear (uranium) energy. They are also called “hard” energy sources because they pollute significantly.
Primary energy sources,
Read MorePhoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians: Iberian Peninsula History
Historical Settlers: Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians
South of the Iberian Peninsula, rich in copper, silver, and gold, attracted peoples from the Eastern Mediterranean (Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians) for commercial establishments. At the end of the second millennium BC, the Phoenicians founded several colonies, the most important being Cadiz. The Greeks arrived in the southern Peninsula around the 8th century BC and founded colonies such as Ampurias and Mainake. The colonization by
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