Spanish Industry 1855-1975: Growth, Challenges, and Transformations

The Spanish Industry (1855-1975)

1. Historical Evolution

1.1 The Slow Onset of Industrialization

Spain’s industrialization lagged behind other Western European countries. Several factors contributed to this delayed development:

  • Limited raw materials and energy resources.
  • Significant foreign control over mines.
  • Inadequate industrial investment due to public debt and individual investment in land acquisition.
  • Limited demand for industrial products due to low population growth and widespread poverty.
  • Technological
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Ancient and Medieval Cities: Urban Development Through History

Ancient Cities

Around 5,000 years ago, the first urban civilizations emerged in seven distinct regions:

  • The Hoang-ho River Valley (Huixian, Anyang, Gaocheng)
  • The Indus Valley (Rags, Mohenjo-Daro, Balatok)
  • The Tigris and Euphrates Valleys (Nineveh, Babylon, Ur, Uruk, Assur)
  • The Nile Valley (Ilahun, Memphis, Giza, Thebes, Abydos)
  • The Niger Valley (Goa, Timbuktu)
  • The Mesoamerican Highlands (Tikal, Cocaxtlan, El Tajin, Tenochtitlan, Copán)
  • The Peruvian Highlands (Tiahuanaco, Pikimachay, Machu Picchu, Nazca)
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Frank Lloyd Wright’s Broadacre City: A Vision of Decentralized Urbanism

Frank Lloyd Wright’s Broadacre City

Lesson 6: The Planning of Frank Lloyd Wright

1. Anti-American Urbanism

Wright, already renowned for his pioneering American modern architecture, launched Broadacre City in 1935. This utopian model presented a decentralized city, interpreting a romantic movement tied to rural tradition. It emphasized the natural environment, individual artisanship, family, patriarchal authority, and Protestant ideology. Wright called for a return to nature, villa life, and a lifestyle

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Peninsular Relief and Climate of Spain: A Comprehensive Guide

Peninsular Relief of Spain

0. Units of Peninsular Relief

Peninsular relief is divided into three main units:

a) Plateau

The plateau is the most prominent feature of the peninsula and occupies the central space of the Iberian Peninsula. The Central System divides it into two blocs:

  • Northern Sub-plateau: Almost completely surrounded by mountains and crossed by the Duero River Basin.
  • Southern Sub-plateau: Divided into two plains by the Toledo Mountains. The northern part is crossed by the Tagus River and
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Understanding Urbanization and Its Impact on Spanish Cities

1. Urbanization
The urbanization process is the continuing concentration in the city and subsequent dissemination to its environment:
– Population
“The main economic activities and innovations
1.1 The Pre-Industrial Urbanization
Understand the origin of cities to industrialization in the nineteenth century. The characteristic features are:
The urbanization rate did not exceed 10%, with the average size of cities around 5,000-10,000 people.
The factors that contributed to urbanization were military-

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Economic and Agricultural Systems: A Global Overview

Economic Systems

An economic system is the mechanism governing the production and distribution of goods and services to meet human needs. This process has reshaped the international landscape, influencing the economic systems of countries worldwide. These systems affect the interaction of three major processes:

  1. Technological advancements, particularly in information technology.
  2. Globalization of the economy, encompassing the structuring of all economic processes.
  3. The emergence of information technology
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