Key Concepts in Human Geography and Environmental Studies
Demography and Population Dynamics
Demography: The study of population characteristics—size, structure, distribution, and changes over time. Population Growth: Increase in population due to birth rates, death rates, and migration. Natural Increase: Growth from the difference between births and deaths, excluding migration. Zero Population Growth: Births equal deaths, resulting in no population growth. Total Fertility: The average number of children a woman is expected to have. Population Pyramid:
Read MoreMedieval Urban and Agricultural Transformations
**Development of Intensive Crops**
The pressure of rural communities on their fields is not confined to the lands of cereal. Around the castles of Lazio, the outskirts are arranged in a concentric triple border: first, in the vicinity of the village, the gardens; then a specialized and intensive crop terrazzo; and finally, an extensive cerealicultura terrazzo for rainfed agriculture. Horticulture feeds short-range exchanges. The same goes for industrial crops such as hemp, flax, and especially pastel.
Read MoreUrban Development: From Ancient Times to the Present
ITEM 11 I: Cities and Growth
The Concept of a City
* Quantitative or statistical criteria: These are based on figures. They view the entire settlement that exceeds a certain number of inhabitants. This number, however, varies across countries.
* Qualitative criteria: Consider cities to be villages that meet certain characteristics. These include physical appearance, marked by high population density and building, with plenty of apartment buildings and height, the predominance of industrial economic
Read MoreAfrica and Americas: Socioeconomic and Political Landscapes
North Africa
North Africa is formed by the Maghreb, and the political regime in Egypt is a republic. In some countries, there are internal conflicts caused by the most fundamentalist minority. The region has different levels of development, and the culture that prevails is Islamic. The population is of Arab origin, European, and Berber. Also, there are tribal communities like the Tuareg. In this area, French, Arabic, and Berber are spoken. The agriculture industry is poor and weak despite the wealth
Read MoreUrban Centers: Metropolitan Areas and the Evolution of Valencia
Urban Centers: Metropolitan Areas
Metropolitan Area: Urban sprawl is a major city soul around which administratively encompasses several municipalities with economic and social relations and has the following property: it is headed by a major city whose economic activity is reaching out and leads to the area. Between the central city area and the nuclei, economic and social relations are established. The central city provides employment and services to the area’s population, and economic activities
Read MoreEurope: Physical Geography, Climate, and Socio-Economic Features
1. Problems of Delimitation of Europe
The boundaries of Europe have changed over the centuries. Political and territorial organizations, states, confederations, and kingdoms have joined and separated over time.
Three key moments in the formation of countries and frontiers are:
- The unification of Spain, Portugal, France, and Germany as states in the 15th and 16th centuries, the oldest in Europe.
- The unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century.
- The formation of nation-states and the decay of the