Spain’s 20th Century Transformation: Society & Economy

  1. Demographic Trends

The Demographic Transition

The demographic transition, common to all industrialized nations, began in Spain during the late 19th century. Marked by declining mortality rates and sustained births, this led to an initial surge in population growth. A second phase followed with more moderate growth, marking the beginning of the modern demographic cycle. Life expectancy increased considerably. Declining birth rates, influenced by urbanization and family planning, followed a slower,

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Developed vs. Underdeveloped Nations: A Comparative Analysis

Developed vs. Underdeveloped Nations

Characteristics

  • Developed Countries: High income per capita (+$5000), technologically advanced industry, high standard of living (health, education, culture), high level of consumption, stable demographic growth.
  • Underdeveloped Countries: Low income per capita (-$2000), limited industrial development, export of natural resources, low level of consumption, high level of demographic growth (high birth rates), totalitarian political systems, social inequality.

Inequalities

  • Unequal
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Al-Andalus: Society, Economy, and the Christian Kingdoms

Al-Andalus: Society, Economy, and Christian Kingdoms

Abderrahman III was the last independent emir and the first Umayyad caliph of Cordoba.

Almanzor was a military leader who gained power over Christians.

Parts of a Mosque

  • Minaret (tower)
  • Font of ablutions
  • Courtyard (patio)
  • Quibla (direction of Mecca on the wall)
  • Mihrab (niche indicating the direction of Mecca)
  • Prayer hall

Society in Al-Andalus

Arabs, Berbers, Muladies, Mozarabs, Jews, and Slaves

Arabs and Families of Arab Descent

  • Dominant social group
  • Owned
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Spanish Urban Systems: Hierarchy, Roles, and Influence Areas

Spanish Urban System

City Size and the Rank-Size Rule

The size of a city is one of the bases of its urban hierarchy. It is generally assessed according to the rank-size rule, which is associated with its population. In Spain, cities with more than half a million inhabitants include Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao, Malaga, and Zaragoza.

Spatial Distribution

The spatial distribution of large cities in Spain is notable for two main features:

  • Peripheral Arrangement: Large cities are arranged
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Human Body, Energy, Spain, and History Facts

What is an Ecosystem?

An ecosystem consists of living things in a specific environment and the relationships between them and their habitat.

The Musculoskeletal System

The musculoskeletal system consists of the bones and cartilage (all the bones in the body) and the muscles (all the muscles in the body). Joints are the places where two bones meet or join together.

The Nervous System

The nervous system has two parts: the central nervous system (the brain and the spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous

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Asturias, León, Navarra, Aragon & Catalonia: Origins

The Kingdom of Asturias (718-910)

The Kingdom of Asturias emerged in 718 when the Visigoths in Cantabria elected Pelayo as their king. They defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Covadonga in 722. The Asturian kings gradually expanded their territory: by 800, the kingdom stretched from Galicia to Álava. By the 10th century, Alfonso III occupied the Valley of Duero. The capital moved from Oviedo to León, and the region became the Kingdom of León.

The Formation of Navarra, Aragon, and Catalonia

The

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