Food Security vs. Sovereignty: Concepts and Causes of Hunger
Food Security and Food Sovereignty: A Comparison
Food security focuses on people’s access to appropriate nutrition. Food sovereignty includes this, and how and where decisions are made, and directly confronts questions of power.
The Concept of Entitlement and Hunger
The concept of “entitlement” is crucial to understanding hunger. Starvation, the condition of not having enough to eat, doesn’t necessarily mean there isn’t enough food available globally. Instead, it’s determined by how food is distributed
Unifying Spain: The Canary Islands, Portugal, and State Organization Under the Catholic Monarchs
The Canary Islands and Portugal
The Canary Islands were disputed between Castile and Portugal during the war of succession, until Portugal relinquished the archipelago.
The conquest was an unequal fight, bringing demographic collapse due to indigenous diseases brought from the peninsula.
Many people shared land with peninsulars, especially Andalusians, who enslaved the local population despite prohibitions.
Castile and Portugal were pioneers in Atlantic exploration, with qualified mariners and refined
Read MorePopulation Dynamics: Fertility, Mortality, and Migration
Population, Gender, and Age Distribution, Mobility
Background: Populations can change through three processes: fertility, mortality, and migration.
Gender Distribution
- Masculinity Index (sex ratio): Number of males per 100 females = M/100 F
- Femininity Index (sex ratio): Number of females per 100 males = F/100 M
- In the Czech Republic:
- MI is highest in newborns = 105M/100F
- MI 35-40 years = 100M/100F
- MI 80 years = 50M/100F
Age Distribution
Biological Criteria – 3 Generations
- Children (pre-reproductive): 0-14
Spain’s 17th-Century Crisis: Population, Economy & Society
Spain in the 17th Century: Crisis and Change
After the 16th-century demographic crisis, Spain faced a severe crisis in the 17th century, with the population concentrated in rural areas. The causes of this population decline included:
- Plague epidemics (1597, 1647, 1676).
- Poor harvests.
- The expulsion of the Moors in 1609.
- Economic difficulties that led to emigration.
The Spanish population increased on the periphery. This demographic crisis triggered a major economic crisis. Exports to America demanded
Read MoreAncient Spain: From Atapuerca to the Visigothic Kingdom
Item 1
Atapuerca:
Atapuerca is a significant deposit located in the province of Burgos, where the oldest human fossils in Europe have been discovered. These fossils date back approximately one million years. The fossils belong to relatives of the African Homo habilis and a new species called Homo antecessor. Alongside the fossils, instruments and tools have been found, providing insights into how these early humans lived. This highlights the value of these deposits.
Altamira:
The Cave of Altamira, located
Read MoreIndustrial Revolution: Cotton, Coal, Trade & Social Impact
The Cotton Industry in England
The cotton industry was mainly located in North West England, around Bolton, Manchester, and Liverpool. Cotton exports increased substantially between 1820 and 1840, particularly to Latin America, Europe, and the West Indies.
Coal and Metallurgy
Large amounts of coal were required in the metallurgy process and to power the machines. The metallurgy factories were therefore built close to coal mines to create a shorter supply line.
Economic Freedom and Labor
Economic freedom
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