Industrial Revolution: Transport, Energy, and Corporate Evolution
The Railway Age
The Railway Age was made possible by two key advances:
- The steam engine, which powered locomotives.
- Iron, the raw material used to build trains and railways.
In 1830, the first public transport railway line opened, running between Liverpool and Manchester. Technical advances made the railway a fast, safe, and cheap means of transport. It also:
- Promoted mining by increasing the demand for coal.
- Boosted the iron industry, which supplied the iron needed to build trains and railways.
Progress
Read MoreGlobal Economic Shifts: 1973-2000 Analysis
Global Economic Shifts: 1973-2000
Energy Consumption and Economic Significance (1973-2000)
Increasing global economic activity increases the demand on energy resources. The largest increases in energy consumption occurred in less developed countries. Europe significantly reduced power consumption, the USA did so less dramatically, and Japan followed suit.
The Economic Crisis of 1973: Causes
- Rising price of oil.
- External imbalance in the USA: military spending, capital exports, reducing the competitive
Mediterranean Agriculture: Landscape, Regional Varieties, and Challenges
Mediterranean Agricultural Landscape
The Mediterranean agricultural landscape spans the Mediterranean coast, including the Iberian littoral, Balearic Islands, and the Guadalquivir Valley. It thrives in a Mediterranean climate, with variants like pure and coastal steppes, experiencing rainfall between 250 and 800 l/m2, hot summers, and mild winters.
The terrain varies, being relatively flat in coastal plains and lowlands (Guadalquivir Valley) and semi-mountainous inland. This results in diverse natural
Read MoreInca, Aztec, Maya Civilizations and Spanish Conquest
Inca Civilization
The Inca civilization, known as Callasuyo in Chile, was centrally located in Cuzco. They considered themselves part of a new humanity, descendants of the sun.
Peaceful Methods and Administration
The Incas preferred peaceful methods and established indirect governance. They constructed the Inca Trail, which included agricultural centers, dairy farms (settlements), and Pucarás.
Quechua was imposed as the common language. They had a complex administration system using quipu.
Religion
Read MoreIndustrial Revolutions and Economic Sectors
The First Industrial Revolution
In the mid-18th century, some European regions began to move from artisanal to industrial production. Steam-powered machines replaced manual labor, and industrial work moved from workshops to factories.
Factories were initially built next to rivers to utilize the energy of running water. Later, with coal becoming a common energy source, they relocated to cities. The British textile industry was the first to introduce these changes.
The Second Industrial Revolution
The
Read MoreChristopher Columbus: Voyages and Legacy
Christopher Columbus (c. 1451 – May 20, 1506, Valladolid, Spain) was a navigator, cartographer, Admiral, Viceroy, and Governor General of the Indies in the service of the Crown of Castile. He is famous for the so-called discovery of America in 1492.
The Origins of Columbus
The origin of Columbus is debated, and various locations are postulated as his homeland. The thesis that he was born in Genoa is mostly supported, although the existing documentation has gaps and mysteries. Furthermore, his son,
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