Spain’s Political System and Territorial Organization

1.1. Spain: A Parliamentary Monarchy

Spain is a parliamentary monarchy. The King is the Head of State. The government directs state policy and can dissolve parliament.

1.2. The Crown

In this parliamentary monarchy, the King holds the crown, representing the State. The King is the arbiter and moderator of institutions. The King cannot make laws, direct political policy, or function as a judge. He advises, encourages, and warns the Parliament, government, and courts of justice. The King’s office is hereditary

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Urban Structures and City Models

Metropolitan Area

An urban extension surrounding a large city encompasses different, independent municipalities with significant economic ties. Key characteristics of a metropolitan area include a central city of substantial size and functional complexity, commuter migration from satellite towns, geographic contiguity between municipalities, and a developed transport system connecting the central city and its surrounding area.

The internal structure of a metropolitan area typically comprises three

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Natural Resources, Alternative Energy, and Environmental Law

1. Natural Resources

1.1 Definition of Natural Resources

Natural resources are naturally occurring materials or substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified (natural) form. They are components of nature capable of being used in their natural state.

1.2 Classification of Natural Resources

Natural resources can be classified into three main categories:

  • Virtually Inexhaustible Renewable Resources: These resources are constantly replenished through natural processes and cycles.
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Colonial Urban Planning in the Americas

Urban Planning in Colonial Americas

In the 16th century, the colonization of the Americas began with the founding of new towns laid out in a grid pattern. In 1573, the Council of the Indies formulated general rules for founding cities in America, emphasizing even development and land distribution.

To found a city, a suitable site with fertile land, a conducive climate, access to fresh water, and building materials was necessary. A founder would establish the central square, from which land distribution

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Urban Planning: Shaping Cities and Addressing Needs

Public Authorities and Urban Planning

Municipalities and autonomous regions represent citizens and often mediate between real estate interests and citizen needs. They use town planning schemes to structure urban morphology and address imbalances and problems, aiming to meet everyone’s needs.

Planning and Development Plans

In cities, diverse interests necessitate rules for territorial order. Development plans, technical tools created by councils, aim to correct errors and deficiencies in public services

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Diversity of Spanish Agricultural Landscapes

Item 10 – Diversity of Spanish Agricultural Landscapes: Heterogeneity of the Countryside in Castilla y León

Introduction

Agricultural landscapes are defined by the morphology of rural areas. Spain exhibits a variety of agricultural landscapes.

Agricultural Landscapes of Wet Spain

  • Location: Comprise 20% of Spanish territory, covering the northern peninsula and some moist interior mountains (Central System and Iberian System).
  • Natural Factors: Rugged mountainous terrain, oceanic climate, dominance of
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